PP 2095 

M3 
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ECTION5 



IN FATHERS 



MALONEY 









LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. Copyright Ho... 

Shelf___F_AlO^ 






UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



SELECTIONS 



FROM THE 



LATIN FATHERS 



WITH 

INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY 
BY 

EDWARD R. MALONEY 



>XKc 



Boston 

ALLYN AND BACON 

1900 



66529 



Library of Congress 

**wu Copies Received 
OCT 26 1900 

Copyright wrtry 

SfcCOND COPY. 

Ot-.t/Lt O'A'tSION. 
OCT 30 1900 






COPYRIGHT, 19 00, BY 
EDWARD E. MALONEY. 



Norton oti $rrss 

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Masa. U.S.A. 



PREFACE 

The selections given here have been chosen care- 
fully as characteristic specimens of the styles of the 
different periods they represent, in order to afford a 
basis for comparison, not only between the different 
periods of the early church, but between the Christian 
writers and those of classic times. The Introduction 
attempts to trace the origin and growth of Christian 
Latin, and the brief biographies in the Notes aim to 
give the student some idea of the life and influence 
of the writer he is studying. 

The book has been prepared in response to an 
urgent demand for a volume of representative selec- 
tions from the Latin Fathers. It is to be hoped that 
those with whom the demand arose will find these 
selections not only representative, but efficient in 
promoting, by contrast with the teachings of classic 
mythology, the very highest ideals of conduct and 

of life. 

E. R. M. 
Cambridge, Mass., 
September, 1900. 



CONTENTS 





PAGE 


Introduction ........ 


vii 


Text: 




Tertullianus de Origine Spectaculorum 


1 


St. Cyprianus de Idolorum Yanitate . 


5 


Lactantius de Mortibus Persecutorum 


9 


St. Hieronymus ad Magnum Oratorem Urbis Ror 


nae . 15 


St. Ambrosius contra Symmachum 


. 21 


St. Augustinus de modo Juventutis Erudiendae . 


. 26 


Notes : 




Tertullian 


. 31 




. 34 


Lactantius ........ 


. 36 


St. Jerome 


. 38 


St. Ambrose . . . . . 


. 40 


St. Augustine 


. 42 


Vocabulary ... 


1 



INTRODUCTION - 



The language in which these selections from the 
Latin Fathers is written is that of the post-classical 
period of Latin literature, and varies to a marked 
degree from that used by the classical writers. This 
post-classical, or Christian, Latin had its origin in the 
adoption by the Church of Latin as its official lan- 
guage, and grew out of the classic or pagan Latin, not 
by destroying and supplanting, but by reviving and 
purifying it. 

Thus the early Fathers did not — as they might so 
easily have done — destroy the entire body of a litera- 
ture, which was to them a mass of impurity and error. 
This would have been to kill a language in which they 
saw broad possibilities for usefulness and good. In 
speaking of the Christian use of the Latin language, 
Ozanam says : — 

" With the adoption of the language by the Church 
came the beginning of the changes which were finally 
to alter it so much. From a high degree of artifi- 
ciality, the Fathers turned back to the utmost direct- 
ness and simplicity. Their effects they gained not 
through studied eloquence, but through the earnest- 

vii 



viii Introduction 



ness, strength, and simplicity of their language. With 
the change in style came inevitable changes in the 
language itself. New ideas and new methods of 
thought caused changes in the meanings of estab- 
lished words, and the coining of words entirely new." 

These changes were perhaps most marked at the 
beginning of the period, for the men who first wrote 
and preached in Latin were nearly all trained in pagan 
schools of rhetoric. They, in changing their language 
to correspond with the complete change in their ways 
of thought, swung at once far to the other extreme. 
The Christian Apologists — Minucius Felix, Tertul- 
lian, Cyprian, and Lactantius — were all trained in 
pagan schools, and soon learned to bombard heathen 
enemies with their own artillery. Their contempo- 
raries and successors sprang up rapidly, from Spain, 
Gaul, Africa, and Italy ; Hilary, Ambrose, Jerome, 
and Augustine were soon actively engaged in defend- 
ing the new religion. The Middle Ages brought 
St. Bernard, Albertus Magnus, St. Thomas Aquinas, 
and other dialecticians, theologians, and controver- 
sialists, who firmly established Latin- as "the learned 
tongue." 

Were there no other reason, then, these writers, 
who changed the character of a great language and 
made an epoch in its literature, should have a place 
in modern school and college curriculums. These 
changes in language and literature, too, are the re- 
flections of the more important changes that were 



Introduction ix 



taking place as these men wrote, changes in human 
thought, belief, and history. In reading these selec- 
tions the student cannot but gather some knowledge 
of the spirit that inspired the men who wrote them, 
and be moved to emulation of worthier heroes than 
those of Ovid or Virgil. 



TERTULLIANUS 

DE OEIGIKE SPECTACULOKUM 

I. De originibus quidem ut secretioribus et ignotis 
penes plures nostroruni altius nee aliunde investigan- 
dum fuit, quam de instrumentis ethnicarum literarum. 
Exstant auctores multi, qui super ista re commenta- 
rios ediderunt. Ab his ludoruni origo sic traditur. 5 
Lydos ex Asia transvenas in Etruria consedisse, ut 
Timaeus refert, duce Tyrrheno, qui fratri suo cesserat 
regni contentione. Igitur in Etruria inter ceteros 
ritus superstitionum suarum spectacula quoque reli- 
gionis nomine instituunt. Inde Komani accersitos 10 
artifices mutuantur, tempus, enuntiationem, ut ludi 
a Lydis vocarentur. Sed etsi Varro ludos a ludo, id 
est a lusu interpretatur, sicut et Lupercos ludos appel- 
labant, quod ludendo discurrant: tamen eum lusum 
iuvenuro. et diebus festis et templis et religionibus 15 
reputat. Nihil iam de causa vocabuli, cum rei causa 
idololatria sit. Nam et cum promiscue ludi Liberalia 
vocarentur, honorem Liberi patris manifeste sonabant. 
Libero enim a rusticis primo fiebant ob beneficium 
quod ei adscribunt pro demonstrata gratia vini. Ex- 20 
inde ludi Consualia dicti, qui initio ISTeptunum honora- 

1 



Tertullianus 



bant. Eundem enim et Consum vocabant. Dehinc 
Equiria Marti Eomulus dixit ; quainquam et Consualia 
Eomulo defendunt, quod ea Conso dicaverit deo, ut 
volunt, consilii, eius scilicet, quo tunc Sabinarum vir- 

5 ginum rapinam militibus suis in matrimonia excogi- 
tavit. Probum plane consilium et nunc quoque apud 
ipsos Eomanos iustum et licitum, ne dixerim, penes 
deum. Eacit etenirn ad originis maculam, ne bonum 
existimes, quod initium a malo accepit, ab impudenti, 

10 a violenti, ab alio deo, a fratricida, institutore, a filio 
Martis : et nunc ara Conso illi in circo defossa est ad 
primas metas sub terra, cum inscriptione huiusmodi : 

CONSUS CONSILIO MARS DUELLO LARES COMITIO PO- 

tentes. Sacrificant apud earn nonis Iuliis sacerdotes 
15 publici, XII. Kalend. Septembres flamen Quirinalis 
et virgines. Dehinc idem Eomulus Iovi Eeretrio ludos 
instituit in Tarpeio, quos Tarpeios dictos et Capito- 
linos Piso tradidit ; post hunc Numa Pompilius Marti 
et Eobigini [fecit] (nam et Eobiginis deam fmxerunt) ; 
20 dehinc Tullus Hostilius, dehinc Ancus Martius et 
ceteri, qui quotque per ordinem et quibus idolis ludos 
instituerint, positum est apud Suetonium Tranquil- 
lum, vel a quibus Tranquillus accepit. Sed haec 
satis erunt ad originis de idololatria reatum. 
25 II. Accedit ad testimonium antiquitatis subsecuta 
posteritas, formam originis de titulis huius quoque 
temporis praeferens, per quos signatum est, cui idolo 
et cui superstitioni utriusque generis ludi notarentur. 
Megalenses et Apollinares, item Cereales et Neptunales 



De Origine Spectaculorum 3 

et Latiares et Morales in commune celebrantur; reli- 
qui ludorum de natalibus et sollemnitatibus regum et 
publicis prosperitatibus et municipalibus fastis super- 
stitiosis caussas origin is habent. Inter quos etiam 
privatorum memoriis legatariae editiones parentant; 5 
id quoque secundum institutionis antiquitatem. Nam 
et a primordio bifariam ludi censebantur, sacri et fune- 
bres, id est diis nationum et mortuis. Sed de idolola- 
tria nihil differt apud nos, sub quo nomine et titulo, 
dum ad eosdem spiritus perveniat, quibus renuntia- 10 
mus, licet mortuis, licet diis suis faciant. Proinde 
mortuis suis ut diis faciant : una conditio partis utrius- 
que est, una idololatria, una renuntiatio nostra adversus 
idololatriam. 

III. Communis igitur origo ludorum utriusque ge- 15 
neris, communes et tituli, ut de communibus caussis, 
proinde apparatus communes habeant necesse est de 
reatu generali idololatriae conditricis suae. Sed cir- 
censium paulo pompatior suggestus, quibus proprie 
hoc nomen pompa : praecedit, quorum sit in semetipsa 20 
probans de simulacrorum serie, de imaginum agmine, 
de curribus, de thensis, de armamaxis, de sedibus, de 
coronis, de exuviis. Quanta praeterea sacra, quanta 
sacrincia praecedant, intercedant, succedant, quot col- 
legia, quot sacerdotia, quot officia moveantur, sciunt 25 
homines, illius urbis, in qua daemoniorum conventus 
consedit. Ea si minore cura per provincias pro mi- 
noribus viribus administrantur, tamen omnes ubique 
circenses illuc deputandi, unde et petuntur, inde in- 



Tertullianus 



quinantur, unde sumuntur. Nam et rivulus tenuis ex 
suo f onte et surculus modicus ex sua f ronde qualitatem 
originis continet. Viderit ambitio sive frugalitas eius, 
quod deum offendit qualiscunque pompa circi : etsi 
5 pauca simulacra circumferat, in uno idololatria est; 
etsi imam thensam trahat, Iovis tamen plaustrum est ; 
quaevis idololatria sordide instructa vel modice locu- 
ples, splendida est censu criminis sui. 



ST. CYPRIANUS 
DE IDOLORUM VANTTATE 

Quod Idola Dii non sint et quod Deus Units sit et quod 
%)er Christum Salus credentibus data sit. 

I. Deos non esse, quos colit vulgus, hinc notum est. 
Reges olim fuerunt, qui ob regalem memoriam coli 
apud suos postmodum etiam in morte coepernnt. 
Inde illis instituta tempi a, inde ad defunctoruni vultus 
per imaginem detinendos expressa simulacra, et immo- 5 
labant hostias et dies festos dando honore celebrabant. 
Inde posteris facta sunt sacra, quae prim is fuerant 
assumta solatia. Et videamus, an stet liaec apud 
singulos Veritas. 

II. Melicertes et Leucothea praecipitantur in maria 10 
et fiunt postmodum maris numina; Castores alternis 
morhmtur, ut vivant ; Aesculapius, ut in deum surgat, 

f ulminatur ; Hercules, ut bominem exuat, Oeteis igni- 
bus concrematur. Apollo Admeto pecus pavit; La- 
omedonti muros Neptunus instituit nee mercedem 15 
operis, infelix structor, accepit. Antrum Iovis in 
Creta visitur, et sepulcrum eius ostenditur, et ab eo 
Saturnum fugatum esse manifestum est ; inde Latium 
de latebra eius nomen accepit. Hie literas imprimere, 

5 



6 St. Cyprianus 



hie signare nummos in Italia primus instituit; inde 
aerarium Saturni vocatur. Et rusticitatis hie cultor 
fuit; inde falcem ferens pingitur. Hunc fugatum 
hospitio Ianus exceperat, de cuius nomine Ianiculum 

5 dictum est, et mensis Ianuarius institutus est. Ipse 
bifrons exprimitur, quod in medio constitutus annum 
incipientem paritur et recedentem spectare videatur. 
Mauri vero manifeste reges colunt nee ullo velamento 
hoc nomen obtexunt. 

10 III. Iude per gentes et provincias singulas varia 
deorum religio mutatur, dum non unus ab omnibus 
Deus colitur, sed propria cuique maiorum suorum 
cultura servatur. Hoc ita esse Alexander magnus 
insigni volumine ad matrem suam scribit, metu suae 

15 potestatis proditum sibi de diis hominibus a sacerdote 
secretum, quod maiorum et regum memoria servata 
sit, inde colendi et sacrificandi ritus involverit. Si 
autem aliquando dii nati sunt, cur non hodieque 
nascuntur ? 

20 IV. Cur vero deos putas pro Romanis posse, quos 
videas nihil pro suis adversus eorum arma valuisse ? 
Romanorum enim vernaculos deos novimus. Est 
Romulus peierante Proculo deus factus et Picus et 
Tiberinus et Pilumnus et Consus, quern deum fraudis 

25 velut consiliorum deum coli Romulus voluit, postquam 
in raptum Sabinarum perfidia provenit. Deam quo- 
que Cloacinam Tatius et invenit et coluit, Pavorem 
Hostilius atque Pallorem. Mox a nescio que Febris 
dedicata et Acca et Flora meretrices. Hi dii Romani. 



De Idolorum Vdnitate 



Caeterum Mars Thracius et Iupiter Creticus et Iuno 
vel Argiva vel Samia vel Poena et Diana Taurica et 
deorum mater Idaea et Aeg) T ptia portenta, non numina; 
quae utique, si quid potestatis habuissent, sua ac 
suorum regna servassent. Plane sunt apud Romanos 5 
et victi penates, quos Aeneas profugus advexit ; est et 
Venus calva, multo hie turpius calva, quani apud 
Homerum vulnerata. 

V. Regna autem non merito accidunt, sed sorte 
variantur. Caeterum imperium ante tenuerunt et 10 
Assyrii et Medi et Persae, et G-raecos et Aegyptios 
regnasse cognovimus. Ita vicibus potestatum vari- 
antibus Romanis quoque ut et caeteris imperandi 
tempus obvenit. Caeterum si ad originem redeas, 
erubescas. Populus de sceleratis et nocentibus con- 15 
gregatur, et asylo constituto facit numerum impunitas 
criminum ; nunc ut rex ipse principatum habeat ad 
crimina, fit Romulus parricida atque, ut matrimonium 
f aciat, rem concordiae per discordias auspicatur ; rapi- 
unt, ferociunt, fallunt ad copiam civitatis augendam, 20 
nuptiae sunt illis rupta hospitii foeclera et cum soceris 
bella crudelia. Est et gradus summus in Romanis 
honoribus consulatus. Sic consulatum coepisse vide- 
mus, ut regnum ; filios interficit Brutus, ut crescat de 
suffragio sceleris commendatio dignitatis. Non ergo 25 
de religionibus Sanctis nee de auspiciis aut auguriis 
Romana regna creverunt, sed acceptum tempus certo 
fine custodiunt. Caeterum et Regulus auspicia serva- 
vit et captus est, et Mancinus religionem tenuit et sub 



8 St. Cyprianus 



iugum missus est ; pullos edaces Paulus habuit et apud 
Cannas tamen caesus est. C. Caesar, ne ante brumam 
in Africam navigia transmitteret, auguriis et auspiciis 
renitentibus sprevit, eo facilius et navigavit et vicit. 

Horum autem omnium ratio est ilia, quae fallit et 
decipit et praestigiis coecantibus veritatem stultum et 
credulum vulgus inducit. 



LACTANTIUS 

DE MOKTIBUS PEESECUTOEUM 

I. Audivit dominus orationes tuas, Donate caris- 
sime, quas in conspectu eius constitutus fundere soles, 
imo et preces sanctissimorum martyrum, qui gloriosa 
confessione sempiternam sibi coronam pro fidei suae 
meritis quaesierunt. Ecce, deletis omnibus adversa- 5 
riis et restituta per orbem tranquillitate, profligata 
nuper Ecclesia rursum exsurgit, et maiore gloria tem- 
plum Dei, quod ab impiis fuerat eversum, misericordia 
domini fabricatur. Excitavit enim deus principes, 
qui tyrannorum nefaria et cruenta imperia resciderunt 10 
et huniano generi providerunt, ut iam quasi discusso 
transact! temporis nubilo, mentes omnium pax incunda 
et serena laetificet. Nunc post tantae tempestatis vio- 
lentos turbines, placidus aer et optata lux refulsit; 
nunc placatus servorum suorum precibus deus iacentes 15 
et afflictos coelesti auxilio sublevavit ; nunc moeren- 
tium lacrymas, exstincta impiorum conspiratione, de 
tersit. Qui illuctati erant deo, iacent ; qui templum 
sanctum everterant, ruina maiore ceciderunt; qui 
iustos excarnificaverant, coelestibus plagis et cruci- 20 
atibus meritis nocentes animas profuderunt. Sero 
id quidem, sed graviter ac digne. Distulerat enim 

9 



10 Lactantius 



poenas eorum deus, ut ederet in eos magna et rnirabilia 
exempla, quibus posteri discerent, et deum esse unum, 
et enndem vindicem digna videlicet snpplicia impiis 
ac persecutoribus irrogare. De quo exitu eorum tes- 

5 tificari placuit, ut omnes, qui procul moti fuerunt, vel 
qui post nos futuri sunt, scirent, quatenus virtutem ac 
maiestatem suam in exstinguendis delendisque nominis 
sui hostibus deus summus ostenderit. Nunc tamen 
satis est si a principio, ex quo est ecclesia constitute, 

10 qui fuerint persecutores eius et quibus poenis in eos 
coelestis iudicis severitas vindicaverit, exponam. 

II. Extremis temporibus Tiberii Caesaris, ut scrip- 
turn legimus, dominus noster Iesus Christus a Iudaeis 
cruciatus est, post diem decimum kalendarum Apri- 

15 lium duobus Geminis consulibus. Cum resurrexisset 
die tertio, congregavit discipulos, quos metus compre- 
hensions eius in fugam verterat, et diebus quadra- 
ginta cum bis commoratus, aperuit corda eorum, et 
scripturas interpretatus est, quae usque ad id tempus 

20 obscurae atque involutae fuerant ordinavitque eos 
et instruxit ad praedicationem dogmatis ac doctrinae 
suae, disponens testamenti novi solemnem disciplinam. 
Dein officio repleto, circumvolvit eum procella nubis, 
et subtractum oculis hominum rapuit in coelum. Et 

25 inde discipuli, qui tunc erant undecim, assumtis in 
locum Iudae proditoris Matthia et Paulo, dispersi 
sunt per omnem terrain ad evangelium praedicandum, 
sicut illis magister dominus imperaverat, et per annos 
XXV. usque ad principium Neroniani imperii, per 



De Mbrtibus Persecutorum 11 

oinnes provincias et civitates ecclesiae fimdamenta 
miserunt. Cumque iam Nero imperaret, Petrus Eomam 
advenit, et eclitis quibusdam miraculis, quae virtute 
ipsius Dei, data sibi ab eo potestate, faciebat, con- 
vertit multos ad iustitiam, Deoque templum fidele ac 5 
stabile collocavit. Qua re ad Neronem delata, cum 
animadverteret, non modo Romae, sed ubique quotidie 
magnam multitudinem deficere a cultu idoloruin, et 
ad religionem novam darnnata vetustate transire, ut 
erat exsecrabilis ac nocens tyrannus, prosilivit ad ex- 10 
cidendura coeleste templum deleudamque iustitiam, 
et primus omnium persecutus Dei servos, Petrum 
cruci affixit et Paulum interf ecit. Nee tamen liabuit 
impune. Respexit enim deus vexationem populi sui. 
Deiectus itaque fastigio imperii ac devolutus a summo 15 
tyrannus impotens, nusquam repente comparuit, ut ne 
sepulturae quidem locus in terra tarn malae bestiae 
appareret. Unde ilium quidam deliri credunt esse 
translatum ac vivum reservation, Sibylla dicente ma- 
tricidam profugum a finibus terrae esse venturum, ut 20 
quia primus persecutus est, idem etiam novissimus 
persequatur et antichristi praecedat adventum, quod 
nefas ^st credere. Sicut duos propbetas vivos esse 
translates et ultimo eos tempore ante iudicium 
Cliristi sanctum ac sempiternum, cum descendere coe- 25 
perit (redituros Sibyllae), pronuntiant ; eodem modo 
etiam Neronem venturum putant, ut praecursor dia- 
boli ac praevius sit venientis ad vastationem terrae et 
bumani generis eversionem. 



12 Laetantius 



III. Post hunc interiectis aliquot annis, alter non 
minor tyrannus ortus est, qui cum exerceret invisam 
dominationem, subiectorum tamen cervicibus incuba- 
vit quam diutissime, tutusque regnavit, donee impias 

5 manus adversus dominum tencleret. Postquam vero 
ad persequendum iustum populum instinctu daemo- 
num incitatus est, tunc traditus in manus inimicorum 
luit poenas. Nee satis ad ultionem fuit, quod est 
interfectus domi; etiam memoria nominis eius erasa 

10 est. Nam cum multa miribilia opera fabricasset, cum 
Capitolium aliaque nobilia monumenta fecisset, sena- 
tus ita nomen eius persecutus est, ut neque imaginum, 
neqne titulorum eius relinqueret ulla vestigia, gravis- 
simis decretis etiam mortuo notam inureret ad igno- 

15 miniam sempiternam. Eescissis igitur actis tyranni, 
non tantum in statum pristinum ecclesia restituta est, 
sed etiam niulto clarius ac floridius enituit : secutisque 
temporibus, quibus multi ac boni principes Eomani 
imperii clavum regimenque tenuerunt, nullos inimico- 

20 rum impetus passa, manus suas in orientem occi- 
dentemque porrexit; ut iam nullus esset terrarum 
angulus tarn remotus, quo non religio Dei penetrasset, 
nulla denique natio tarn feris moribus vivens, ut non 
suscepto dei cultu ad iustitiae opera mitesceret. Sed 

25 enim postea longa pax rupta est. 

IV. Exstitit enim post annos plurimos exsecrabile 
animal Decius, qui vexaret ecclesiam ; quis enim ius- 
titiam, nisi nialus, persequatur? Et quasi liuius rei 
gratia provectus esset ad illud principale fastigium, 



De Mortibus Persecutorum 13 

furere protinus contra deum coepit, ut protinus cade- 
ret. Nam profectus adversum Carpos, qui turn Daciam 
Moesianique occupaverant, statimque circumventus a 
barbaris et cum magna exercitus parte deletus, ne 
sepultura quidem potuit honorari; sed exutus ac 5 
nudus, ut hostem dei oportebat, pabulum feris ac 
volucribus iacuit. 

V. ]STon multo post Yalerianus quoque non dissimili 
furore correptus, impias manus in deum intentavit, et 
multum, quamvis brevi tempore, iusti sanguinis fudit. 10 
At ilium deus novo ac singulari poenae genere affecit, 
ut esset posteris documentum, adversarios dei semper 
dignam scelere suo recipere mercedem. Hie captus a 
Persis non modo imperium, quo fuerat insolenter usus, 
sed etiam libertatem, quam ceteris ademerat, perdidit 15 
vixitque in servitute turpissime. Nam rex Persarum 
Sapor, qui eum ceperat, si quando libuerat aut vehicu- 
lum asscendere, aut equum, inclinare sibi Komanum 
iubebat ac terga praebere, et imposito pede super dor- 
sum eius, illud esse verum dicebat, exprobrans ei cum 20 
risu, non quod in tabulis, aut parietibus Komani pin- 
gerent. Ita ille dignissime triumpliatus, aliquamdiu 
vixit, ut diu barbaris Eomauum nomen ludibrio ac 
derisui esset. Etiam hoc ei accesit ad poenam, quod 
cum filium haberet imperatorem, captivitatis suae 25 
tamen ac servitutis extremae non invenit ultorem, nee 
omnino repetitus est. Postea vero quam pudendam 
vitam in illo dedecore finivit, derepta est ei cutis et 
exuta visceribus pellis infecta rubro colore, ut in 



] 4 Lactantius 



templo barbarorum deorum ad memoriam clarissimi 
triumphi poneretur, legatisque nostris semper esset 
ostentui, ne nimium Romani viribus suis iiderent, 
cum exuvias capti principis apud deos suos cernerent. 
5 Cum igitur tales poenas de sacrilegis deus exegerit, 
nonne mirabile est, ausum esse quemquam postea non 
modo facere, sed etiam cogitare adversus maiestatem 
siugularis dei, regentis et continuentis universa ? 
VI. Aurelianus, qui esset natura vesanus et prae- 

10 ceps, quamvis captivitatem Valeriani meminisset, 
tamen oblitus sceleris eius et poenae, iram dei cru- 
delibus factis lacessivit. Veram ille ne perficere 
quidem, quae cogitaverat, licuit, sed protinus inter 
initia sui furoris exstinctus est. Nondum ad provin- 

15 cias ulteriores cruenta eius scripta pervenerant, et iam 
Coenofrurio, qui locus est Thraciae, cruentus ipse bumi 
iacebat, falsa quadam suspicione ab amicis suis inte- 
remtus. Talibus et tot exemplis coerceri posteriores 
tyrannos oportebat : at hi non modo territi ncn &unt, 

20 sed audacius etiam contra deum confiderj^rasque 
fecerunt. 



ST. HIERONYMUS 

AD MAGNUM ORATOKEM URBIS ROMAE 

I. Sebesium nostrum tuis monitis profecisse, non 
tam Epistola tua, quam ipsius poenitudine didicinms. 
Et mirum in modum plus correptus placuit, quam 
errans laeserat. Certaverunt inter se indulgentia pa- 
rentis, et filii pietas : dum alter praeteritorum non 5 
meminit, alter in futurum quoque officia pollicetur. 
Unde et mutuo nobis tibique gaudendum est : quia 
nos filium recepimus, tu discipulum comprobasti. 

II. Quod autem quaeris in calce Epistolae tuae, cur 
in opusculis nostris saecularium litterarum interdum 10 
ponamus exempla, et candorem Ecclesiae, Ethnieorum 
sordibus polluamus; breviter responsum habeto. Num- 
quam hoc quaereres, nisi te totum Tullius possideret; 

si Scripturas sanctas legeres, si Interpretes earum, 
omisso Volcatio, evolveres. Quis enim nesciat et in 15 
Moyse, et in Proplietarum voluminibus quaedam 
assumpta de Gentilium libris, et Salomonem Philoso- 
phis Tyri et nonnulla proposuisse, et aliqua respon- 
disse ? Unde in exordio Proverbiorum commonet, ut 
intelligamus sermones prudentiae, versutiasque ver- 20 
borum, parabolas, et obscurum sermonem, dicta sapien- 
tum, et aenigmata (Prov. 1), quae proprie dialecticorum 

15 



16 St. Hieronymus 



et philosophorum sunt. Sed et Paulus Apostolus 
Epiraenidis Poetae abusus versiculo est, scribens ad 
Titum : " Cretenses semper mendaces, malae bestiae, 
ventres pigri" (Tit. i. 22). Cujus heroici hemi- 
5 stichium postea Callimachus usurpavit. Xec minim 
si apud Latinos metruin non servet ad verbuni ex- 
pressa translatio, cum Homerus eadem lingua versus 
in prosam, vix cohaereat. In alia quoque Epistola, 
Menandri ponit senarium : " Corrumpunt mores bonos 

10 confabulationes pessimae." Et apud Athenienses in 
Martis curia disputans, Aratum testem vocat. " Ipsius 
enim et genus sumus," quod Graece dicitur. Tov yap 
koL yeVo? ea-fxiv ; et est clausula versus heroici. Ac ne 
parum hoc esset, ductor Christiani exercitus, et orator 

15 invictus pro Christo causam agens, etiam inscripti- 
onem fortuitam, arte torquet in argumentum fidei. 
Didicerat enim a vero David, extorquere de manibus 
hostium gladium, et Goliae superbissimi caput proprio 
mucrone truncare. Legerat in Deuteronomio (Cap. 

20 21) Domini voce praeceptum, mulieris captivae raden- 
dum caput, supercilia, omnes pilos, et ungues corperis 
amputandos, et sic earn habendam in conjugio. Quid 
ergo mirum, si et ego sapientiam saecularem propter 
eloquii venustatem, et membrorum pulchritudinem, de 

25 ancilla atque captiva Israelitidem facere cupio ? 

III. Cyprianus vir eloquentia pollens et martyrio, 
Eirmiano narrante, mordetur, cur ad versus Demetri- 
anum scribens, testimoniis usus sit Prophetarum, et 
Apostolorum, quae ille ficta et commentitia esse dice- 



Ad Magnum Orator em 17 

bat, et non potius Philosophorum et Poetarum, quo- 
rum auctoritati, ut Ethnicus, contraire non poterat. 
Scripserunt contra nos Celsus atque Porphyrins : 
priori Origenes, alteri Methodius, Eusebius, et Apolli- 
naris fortissime responderunt. Quorum Origenes octo 5 
scripsit libros : Methodius usque ad decern millia pro- 
cedit versuum : Eusebius, et Apollinaris viginti quin- 
que, et triginta volumina condiderunt. Lege eos, et 
invenies nos comparatione eorum imperitissimos : et 
post tanti temporis otium, vix quasi per somnium 10 
quod pueri didicimus, recordari. Julianus Augustus 
septem libros in expeditione Parthica, adversum 
Christum evomuit ; et juxta fabulas Poetarum, suo se 
ense laceravit. Si contra hunc scribere tentavero, 
puto, interdices mihi, ne rabidum canem, Philosopho- 15 
rum et Stoicorum doctrinis, id est, Herculis clava per 
cutiam quanquam Nazarenum nostrum et (ut ipse, 
solebat dicere) Galilaeum, statim in praelio senserit; 
et mercedem linguae putidissimae, conto ilia perfossus 
acceperit. Josephus antiquitatem approbans Judaici 20 
populi, duos libros scripsit contra Appionem Alexan- 
drinum Grammaticum : et tanta saecularium prof ert 
testimonia, ut mihi miraculum subeat, quomodo vir 
Hebraeus, et ab infantia sacris Litteris eruditus, cune- 
tam Graecorum Bibliothecam evolverit. Quid loquar 25 
de Philone, quern vel alteram vel Judaeum Platonem 
critici pronuntiant? 

IV. Curram per singulos : Quadratus Apostolorum 
discipulus, et Atheniensis Pontifex Ecclesiae, nonne 



18 St. Hieronymns 



Adriano Principi, Eleusinae sacra invisenti, librum 
pro nostra religione tradidit ? Et tantae admirationi 
omnibus fuit, ut persecutionem gravissimam, illius 
excellens sedaret ingenium. Aristides Philosophus, 

5 vir eloquentissimus, eidem Principi Apologeticum pro 
Christianis obtulit, contextum Philosophorum senten- 
tiis: quern imitatus postea Justinus, et ipse Philo- 
sophic, Antonino Pio et filiis eius, Senatuique librum 
contra Gentiles tradidit, defendens ignominiam crucis, 

10 et resurrectionem Christi tota praedicans libertate. 
Quid loquar de Melitone Sardensi Episcopo ? quid de 
Apollinario Hierapolitanae Ecclesiae Sacerdote, Dio- 
nysioque Corinthiorum Episcopo, et Tatiano, et Barde- 
sane, et Irenaeo Photini Martyris successore : qui 

15 origines haereseon singularum, et ex quibus Philo- 
sophorum fontibus emanarint, multis voluminibus 
explicarunt ? Pantaenus Stoicae sectae Philosophus, 
ob praecipuae eruditionis gloriam, a Demetrio Alexan- 
driae Episcopo missus est in Indiam, ut Christum 

20 apud Brachmanas, et illius gentis Philosophus prae- 
dicaret. Clemens Alexandrinae Ecclesiae Presbyter, 
meo judicio, omnium eruditissimus, octo scripsit Stro- 
matum libros ; et totidem viroTv-n-uia-ewv, et alium contra 
Gentes, Paedagogi quoque tria volumina. Quid in 

25 illis indoctum? imo quid non de media Philosophia 
est? Hunc imitatus Origenes, decern scripsit Stroma- 
teas, Christianorum et Philosophorum inter se senten- 
tias comparans : et omnia nostrae religionis dogmata 
de Platone et Aristotele, Numenio, Cornutoque con- 



Ad Magnum Orator em 19 

firmans. Scripsit et Miltiades contra Gentes volnmen 
egregium. Hippolytus quoque, et Apollonius, Ro- 
manae nrbis Senator, propria opuscula condiderunt. 
Exstant et Jnlii Africani libri, qui teinporum scripsit 
historias ; et Theodori, qui postea Gregorius appelatus 5 
est (S. Gregorius Thaumaturgus), viri Apostolicorum 
signorurn atque virtutum ; et Dionysii Alexandrini 
Episcopi: Anatolii quoque Laodicenae Ecclesiae Sa- 
cerdotis ; nee non Presbyterorum Paniphili, Pierii, 
Luciani, Malchionis, Eusebii, Caesariensis Episcopi, et 10 
Eustathii Antioclieni, et Athanasii Alexandrini : Euse- 
bii quoque Emiseni, et Triphilii Cyprii, et Asterii 
Scythopolitae, et Serapionis Confessoris : Titi quoque 
Bostrensis Episcopi: Cappadocumqne Basilii, Grego- 
rii, Amphilochii : qui omnes in tantum Philosophorum 15 
doctrinis atque sententiis suos resarciunt libros, ut 
nescias quid in illis primurn admirari debeas, erudi- 
tionem saeculi, an scientiam Scripturarum. 

V. Veniam ad Latinos. Quid Tertulliano eruditius, 
quid acutius? Apologeticus ejus, et contra Gentes 20 
libri, cunctam saeculi obtinent disciplinam. Minutius 
Felix causidicus Bomani fori, in libro, cui titulus 
Octavius est; et in altero contra Matliematicos (si 
tamen inscriptio non mentittir auctorem) quid Gen- 
tilium scripturarum dimisit intactum ? Septem libros 25 
adversus Gentes Arnobius edidit, totidemque discipu- 
lus ejus Lactantius, qui de Ira quoque, et Opificio Dei 
duo volumina condidit : quos si legere volueris, dialo- 
gorum Ciceronis in eis eTnro/x^v reperies. Victorino 



20 St. Hieronymus 



Martyri in libris suis, licet desit eruditio, tamen non 
deest eruditionis voluntas. Cyprianus, Quod idola dii 
non sint, qua brevitate, qua historiaruin omnium sci- 
entia, quorum verborum et sensuum splendore per- 

5 strinxit? Hilarius meorum Confessor temporum et 
Episcopus, duodecim Quintiliani libros et stylo imita- 
tus est, et numero: brevique libello, quern scripsit 
contra Dioscorum Medicum, quid in Uteris possit, 
ostendit. Juvencus Presbyter, sub Constantino his- 

10 toriam Domini Salvatoris versibus explicavit: nee 
pertimuit Evangelii majestatem sub metri leges mit- 
tere. De caeteris vel mortuis, vel viventibus taceo : 
quorum in scriptis suis et vires manifestae sunt et 
voluntas. 

15 VI. Nee statim prava opinione fallaris, contra Gen- 
tes hoc esse licitum, in aliis disputationibus dissimu- 
landuru, quia omnes pene omnium libri, exceptis his 
qui cum Epicuro litteras non didicerunt, eruditionis 
doctrinaeque plenissimi sunt. Quanquam ego illud 

20 magis reor, quod dictanti venit in mentem, non te 
ignorare quod semper a doctis viris usurpatum est ; 
sed per te mihi proponi ab alio quaestionem, qui forte 
propter amorem historiarum Sallustii, Calpurnius cog- 
nomento Lanarius sit. Cui quaeso ut suadeas, ne 

25 vescentium dentibus edentulus invideat, et oculos ca- 
prearum, talpa contemnat. Dives, ut cernis, ad dispu- 
tandum materia; sed jam epistolaris angustia fmienda 
est. 



ST. AMBROSIUS 

EPISCOPUS BEATISSIMO PRINCIPI, ET 

CLEMENTISSIMO IMPERATORI 

VALENTINTANO AUGUSTO 

I. Cum vir clarissimus praefectus urbis Symmachus 
ad clementiam tuam retulisset, ut ara quae de urbis 
Romae curia sublata fuerat, redderetur loco; et tu, 
imperator, licet adliuc in minoris aevi tirocinio floren- 
tibus novus annis, fidei tamen virtute veteranus obse- 5 
crata gentilium non probares ; eodem, quo comperi, 
puncto libellum obtuli : quo licet cornprebenderim, 
quae suggestioni necessaria viderentur ; poposci tamen 
exemplum mihi relationis dari. 

II. Itaque non fidei tuae ambiguus, sed providus 10 
cautionis, et pii certus examinis, hoc sermone rela- 
tionis assertioni respondeo, hoc unum petens, ut non 
verborum elegantiam, sed vim rerum exspectandam 
putes. Aurea enim, sicut Scriptura divina docet 
(Eccl. vi. 11), est lingua sapientium literatorum, quae 15 
phaleratis dotata sermonibus, et quodam splendentis 
eloquii velut coloris pretiosi corusco resultans, capit 
animorum oculos specie formosi, visuque perstringit. 
Sed aurum hoc, si diligentius manu tractes, foris 
pretium, intus metallum est. Volve, quaeso, atque 20 

21 



22 St. Ambrosius 



excute sectam gentilium: pretiosa et grandia sonantj 
vero effeta defendunt: Demn loquuntur, simulacrum 
adorant. 

III. Tria igitur in relatione sua vir clarissimus 

5 praefectus urbis proposuit, quae valida putavit : quod 
Eoma veteres, ut ait, suos cultus requirat, et quod 
sacerdotibus suis virginibusque Vestalibus emolumenta 
tribuenda sint, et quod emolumentis sacerdotum nega- 
tis, fames secuta publica sit. 

10 IV. In prima propositione, flebili Eoma quaestu 
sermonis illacrymat, veteres, ut ait, cultos ceremoni- 
aruin requirens. Haec sacra, inquit, Annibalem a 
moenibus, a Capitolio Senonas repulerunt. Itaque 
dum sacrorum potentia praedicatur, infirmitas prodi- 

15 lair. Ergo Annibal diu sacris insultavit Eomanis, et 
diis contra se dimicantibus, usque ad muros urbis vin- 
cendo pervenit. Cur se obsideri passi sunt, pro quibus 
decorum suorum arma pugnabant ? 

V. Nam de Senonibus quid loquar, quos Capitolii 
20 secreta penetrantes Eomanae reliquiae non tulissent, 

nisi eos pavido anser strepitu prodidisset ? En quales 
templa Eomana praesules habent. Ubi tunc erat 
Jupiter ? An in ansere loquebatur ? 

VI. Verum quid negem sacrorum ritus militasse 
25 Eomanis? Sed etiam Annibal eosdem Deos colebat. 

Utrum volunt igitur, eligant. Si in Eomanis vicerunt 
sacra, in Carthaginensibus ergo superata sunt : si in 
Carthaginensibus triumphata, nee Eomanis utique 
profuerunt. 



Contra Symmaehum 23 

VII. Facessat igitur invidiosa ilia populi Romani 
querela: non banc Roma mandavit. Aliis ilia eos 
interpellat vocibus : Quid roe casso quotidie gregis 
innoxii sanguine cruentatis ? Non in iibris pecudum, 
sed in viribus bellatorum tropaea victoriae sunt. Aliis 5 
ego disciplinis orbem subegi. Militabat Camillus, qui 
sublata Capitolio signa, caesis Tarpeiae rupis tri- 
uinphatoribus, reportavit: stravit virtus, quos religio 
non removit. Quid de Atilio loquar, qui militiam 
etiam mortis impendit? Africanus non inter Capi- 10 
tolii aras, sed inter Annibalis acies triumphum invenit. 
Quid inihi veterum exempla profertis ? Odi ritus 
Nerorum. Quid dicam bimestres iinperatores, et ter- 
minos regum cum exordiis copulatos ? Aut forte 
illud est novum, barbaros suis excessisse fmibus ? 15 
Numquid etiam illi christiani fuerunt, quorum miser- 
abili novoque exemplo alter captivus imperator, sub 
altero captivus orbis, fefellisse quae victoriam promit- 
tebant, suas ceremonias prodiderunt? Numquid et 
tunc non erat ara victoriae ? Poenitet lapsus : vetusta 20 
canities pudendi sanguinis traxit ruborem. Non eru- 
besco cum toto orbe longaeva converti. Verum certe 
est quia nulla aetas ad perdiscendum sera est. Eru- 
bescat senectus, quae emendare se non potest. Non 
annorum canities est laudata, sed morum (Sap. iv., 25 
ix.). Nullus pudor est ad meliora transire. Hoc 
solum habebam commune cum barbaris, quia Deuni 
antea nesciebam. Sacrificium vestrum ritus est besti- 
arum cruore respergi. Quid in mortuis pecudibus 



24 St. Ambrosius 



quaeritis Dei voces ? Venite, et discite in terris coe- 
lestem militiam : hie vivimus, et illic mil it am us. 
Coeli my sterium doceat me Deus ipse, qui condidit : 
non homo, qui se ipsum ignoravit. Cui magis de Deo, 
5 quam Deo credam? Quomodo possum vobis credere, 
qui fatemini vos ignorare quod colitis? 

VIII. Uno, in quit, itinere non potest perveniri ad 
tarn grande secretum. Quod vos ignoratis, id nos Dei 
voce cognovimus. Et quod vos suspicionibus quae- 

10 ritis, nos ex ipsa sapientia Dei et veritate compertum 
habemus. Non congruunt igitur vestra nobiscum. 
Vos pacem diis vestris ab imperatoribus obsecratis, 
nos ipsis imperatoribus a Christo pacem rogamus. 
Vos manuum vestrarum adoratis opera, nos injuriam 

15 ducimus omne quod fieri potest, Deum putari. Non 
vult se Deus in lapidibus coli. Denique etiam ipsi 
philosophi vestri ista riserunt. 

IX. Quod si vos ideo Christum Deum negatis ; quia 
ilium mortuum esse non creditis (nescitis enim quod 

20 mors ilia carnis fuerit, non divinitatis, quae facit ut 
credentium jam nemo moriatur) quid vobis impruden- 
tius, qui contumeliose colitis, et honorifice derogatis ; 
vestrum enim Deum lignum pntatis. contumeliosa 
reverentia ! Christum mori potuisse non creditis. 

25 honorifica pervicacia ! 

X. Sed vetera, inquit, reddenda sunt altaria simu- 
lacris, ornamenta delubris. Eeposcantur haec a con- 
sorte superstitionis : christianus imperator aram solius 
Christi didicit honorare. Quid manus pias et ora ride- 



Contra Symmachum 25 

lia ministerium suis cogunt sacrilegis exhibere ? Vox 
imperatoris nostri Christum resultet, et ilium solum, 
quern sentit, loquatur; quia cor regis in manu Dei 
(Pro v. xxi. 1). Numquid imperator gentilis aram 
Christo levavit ? Dum ea quae fuerunt, reposcunt, 5 
exemplo suo admonent quantum christiani impera- 
tores religioui, quam sequuntur, debeant deferre reve- 
rentiae ; quando gentiles superstitionibus suis omnia 
detulerunt. 

XL Dudum coepimus, et jam sequuntur exclusos. 10 
Nos sanguine gloriamur, illos dispendium movet. 
Nos haee victoriae loco ducimus, illi injuriam putant. 
Numquam nobis amplius contulerunt, quam cum ver- 
berari christianos atque proscribi ac necari juberent. 
Praemium fecit religio, quod perfidia putabat esse 15 
supplicium. Videte magnanimos. Per injurias, per 
inopiam, per supplicium nos crevimus : illi ceremonias 
suas sine quaestu manere posse non credunt. 



ST. AUGUSTINUS 

DE MODO JUVENTUTIS ERUDIENDAE 

I. Quid auteru erat causae cur graecas litteras 
oderam, quibus puerulus imbuebar, ne nunc quidem 
mihi satis exploratum est. Adamaverani enim latinas, 
non quas primi magistri, sed quas docent qui gramma- 
tici vocantur. Nam illas primas ubi legere et scribere 
et numerare discitur, non minus onerosas poenalesque 
habebam, quam omnes graecas. Unde tamen et hoc 
nisi de peccato et vanitate vitae, quia caro eram, et 
spiritus ambulans et non revertens ? (Ps. lxxvii. 39.) 

10 Nam utique meliores, quia certiores erant primae 
illae litterae, quibus fiebat in me, et factum est, et 
habeo illud ut et legam si quid scriptum invenio, 
et scribam ipse si quid volo, quam illae quibus tenere 
cogebar Aeneae nescio cujus errores, oblitus errorum 

15 meorum ; et plorare Didonem mortuam, quia se occidit 
ob amorem, cum interea meipsum in his a te mori- 
entem, Deus vita mea, siccis oculis ferrem miserrimus. 

II. Quid enim miserius misero non miserante seip- 
sum, et flente Didonis mortem, quae fiebat amando 

20 Aeneam ; non flente autem mortem suam, quae fiebat 
non amando te, Deus lumen cordis mei, et panis oris 
intus animae meae, et virtus maritans mentem meam 

26 



Be Modo Juventutis Erudiendae 27 

et sinum cogitationis meae ? Non te amabam, et for- 
nicabar abs te, et fornicanti sonabat undique, Euge, 
euge. Amicitia enim nmncli hujus, fornicatio est abs 
te ; et Euge, euge dicitur, ut pudeat si non ita homo 
sit. Et haec non flebam, sed fiebam Didoneui ex- 5 
stinctam, ferroque extrema secutam (Aeneid, VI 4:56), 
sequens ipse extrema condita tua, relicto te, et terra 
iens in terrain : et si prohiberer ea legere, dolerem, 
quia non legerem quod dolerem. Talis dementia 
honestiores et uberiores litterae putantur, quam illae 10 
quibus legere et scribere didici. 

III. Sed nunc in anima mea clamet, Deus meus, et 
Veritas tua dicat mihi : Non est ita, non est ita ; 
melior est prorsus doctrina ilia prior. Nam ecce 
paratior sum oblivisci errores Aeneae, atque omnia 15 
ejusmodi, quam scribere et legere. At enim vela 
pendent liminibus grammaticarum scholarum: sed 
non ilia magis honorem secreti, quam tegumentum 
erroris significant. Non clament adversus me, quos 
jam non timeo, dum confiteor tibi quae vult anima 20 
mea, Deus meus, et acquiesco in reprehensione mala- 
rum viarum mearum, ut diligam bonas vias tuas. 
Non clament adversum me venditores grammaticae 
vel emptores : quia si proponam eis, interrogans utrum 
verum sit quod Aeneam aliquando Carthaginem ve- 25 
nisse Poeta dicit ; indoctiores se nescire respondebunt, 
doctiores autem etiam negabunt verum esse. At si 
quaeram quibus litteris scribatur Aeneae nomen, 
omnes mihi, qui haec didicerunt, verum responde- 



28 St. Aucfustinus 



bunt; secundum id pactum et placitum, quo inter se 
homines ista signa firmarunt. Item, si quaeram quid 
horum majore vitae hujus incommodo qnisque oblivis- 
catur, legere et scribere, an poetica ilia figmenta ; 
5 quis non videat quid responsurus sit, qui non est 
penitus oblitus sui? Peccabam ergo puer cum ilia 
inania istis utilioribus amore praeponebam, vel potius 
ista oderam, ilia amabam. Jamvero unum et unum 
duo, duo et duo quatuor, odiosa cantio mihi erat; 

10 et dulcissimum spectaculum vanitatis equus ligneus 
plenus armatis, et Trojae incendium, etque ipsius 
umbra Creusae (Aeneid, II.). 

IV. Cur ergo graecam etiam grammaticam oderam 
talia cantantem? Nam et Homerus peritus texere 

15 tales fabellas, et dulcissime vanus est, et mihi tamen 
amarus erat puero. Credo etiam graecis pueris Vir- 
gilius ita sit, sum eum sic discere cogimtur, ut ego 
ilium. Videlicet difficultas, omnino ediscendae pere- 
grinae linguae, quasi felle aspergebat omnes suavitates 

20 graecas fabulosarum narrationum. Nulla enim verba 
ilia noveram, et saevis terroribus ac poenis ut nossem 
instabatur mihi vehementer. Nam et latina aliquando 
infans utique nulla noveram; et tamen advertando 
didici sine ullo metu atque cruciatu, inter etiam blan- 

25 dimenta nutricum, et joca arridentium, et laetitias 
alludentium. Didici vero ilia sine poenali onere 
urgentium, cum me urgeret cor meum ad parienda 
concepta sua, quae non possem, nisi aliqua verba didi- 
cissem, non a docentibus, sed a loquentibus, in quorum 



De Modo Juventutis Erudiendae 29 

et ego auribus partiiriebam quidquid sentiebam. Hinc 
satis elucet majorem habere vim ad discenda ista libe- 
ram curiositatem, quam meticulosam necessitatem. 
Sed illius fluxum haec restringit legibus tuis, Dens, 
legibus tuis a magistrorum ferulis usque ad tenta- 5 
tiones martyrura, valentibus legibus tuis miscere salu- 
bres ainaritudines, revocantes nos ad te a jucunditate 
pestifera, qua recessimus a te. 

V. Sed vae tibi, fliimen moris liurnani ! Quis re- 
sistet tibi ? quamdiu non siccaberis ? quousque volves 10 
Evae filios in mare magnum et formidolosum, quod 
vix transeunt qui lignum conscenderint ? Nonne ego 

in te legi et tonantem Jovem et adulterantem ? Et 
utique non posset haec duo ; sed actum est, ut haberet 
auctoritatem ad imitandum verum adulterium, lenoci- 15 
nante falso tonitruo. Quis autem penulatorum magis- 
trorum audit aure sobria, ex eodem pulvere hominem 
clamantem et dicentem : Fingebat haec Homerus, et 
humana ad Deos transferebat ; divina mallem ad nos? 
(Cicero, Tuscul. i.) Sed verius dicitur quod fingebat 20 
haec quidem ille; sed hominibus flagitiosis divina 
tribuendo, ne flagitia flagitia putarentur, et ut quisquis 
ea fecisset, non homines perditos, sed coelestes deos 
videretur imitatus. 

VI. Et tamen, o flumen tartareum, jactantur in te 25 
filii hominum, cum mercedibus ut haec discant; et 
magna res agitur, cum hoc agitur publice in foro, in con- 
spectu legum supra mercedem salaria decernentium ; 

et saxa tua percutis et sonas dicens : Hinc verba dis- 



30 St. Augustinus 



cuntur, hinc acquiritur eloquentia rebus persuadentis 
sententiisque explicandis maxim e necessaria. 

Non accuso verba, quasi vasa electa atque pretiosa ; 
sed vinum erroris quod in eis nobis propinabatur ab 
5 ebriis doctoribus : et nisi biberemus, caedebamur, nee 
apellare aliquem judicem sobrium licebat. Et tamen 
ego, Deus rneus, in cujus conspectu jam secura est 
recordatio mea, libenter haec didici, et eis delectabar 
miser, et ob hoc bonae spei puer appellabar. 



NOTES 



TERTULLIAN (150-about 230 a.d.) 

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus was born at 
Carthage, — a city then and afterward of the greatest im- 
portance as a centre of Latin Christianity. His father was 
a centurion in the Roman army. Tertullian studied law, 
and afterward taught rhetoric in Carthage, until about the 
year 192, when he became a Christian. From that time 
to the end of his life he devoted himself unwaveringly to 
the promulgation of the doctrines of his religion. 

His life was one of tireless effort and the most rigid 
asceticism. He crushed remorselessly all his desires and 
affections, however high and noble, except those purely 
spiritual. Even his love for his wife, to whom two of his 
finest treatises are addressed, he sternly repressed, leaving 
her that he might lead a life of greater devotion. Until 
the year 201, he preached and wrote incessantly in defence 
of Christianity. Then he joined the Montanists, — a sect 
that claimed to have reached to the highest spiritual gifts 
through the severest austerity of life. With them he re- 
mained but a short time; and when he left them, he took 
with him a small number of followers, whom he instructed, 
and upon whom he enforced his most extreme principles of 
bodily mortification. Beyond the statement of St. Jerome 
that he lived to " a decrepit age," we have little or nothing to 
fix the time of his death. 

On account of his early zeal, Tertullian is considered, in 
31 



32 Notes [Page 1 

spite of his heresy, the first Father of the Latin Church. 
His attitude was always militant and aggressive, and his 
war was unceasing on everything that made against religion, 
whether it was human desires and passions in the hearts of 
his followers, or the opposition of unbelievers. He taunted 
the pagans, in stinging, scornful words, for their customs, 
philosophy, and religion. Against anything savoring of 
compromise, Tertullian thundered as loudly as against pa- 
ganism itself. Origen, the first of the Christian Greek 
writers, sought to reach the pagans through points of con- 
tact between their belief and his ; to Tertullian the two 
beliefs were utterly antagonistic, and he refused to come to 
close quarters with his enemy at any point, but stood afar 
off and hurled his bolts, each one with all the force he could 
command. As Pressense points out, the contrast extends 
also to the styles of the two writers. " The eloquence of 
the one" (Origen), he says, "is as large and limpid as his 
genius ; it is as a beautiful river, abundant and majestic ; 
that of the other is a mountain torrent. Origen lightens, 
Tertullian thunders. Origen speaks to Christian philoso- 
phers like a Christian philosopher ; Tertullian is a tribune 
of the people, who has gone down to the forum and the 
cross-roads to kindle the minds of the crowd." 

The selection given is Chapters V-VII from the De 
Spectaculis. The treatise was called forth, probably, by 
the public shows given by the Emperor Severus in honor 
of his victory over Albinus. Tertullian's argument is that 
shows are idolatrous in origin and character. 

Page 1. 1. De originibus, etc.: sc. spectaculorum ; touch- 
ing the origin of shows as being somewhat obscure and unknown 
amongst the greater part of our (Christian) brethren, we must 
carry our search higher, 



Page 3] Tertullian 33 

5. Ab his: sc. scryptoribus or auctoribus. 

6. in Btruria consedisse : settled in Etruria. 

8. contentione : B. 226 ; G. 397 ; Y. 124 ; S. 226 ; H. 480 ; 
A. and G. 253. 

11. tempus : the season (of the games). ut ludi a Lydis 
vocarentur : so that they were called from the Lydians, ' ludi.'' 

14. ludendo : while playing. The Ablative of the Gerund, 
besides cause, manner, etc., may denote time, separation, re- 
spect, etc. tamen . . . reputat : yet he accounts this sport 
of the young men as belonging to holy days, temples, and solem- 
nities. 

16. vocabuli : of the name. 

20. pro . . . vini : for discovering to them the gift of wine. 

Page 2. 3. ut volunt : as they (the Pagans) will have it. 
5. in matrimonia : matrimonia, in post-Augustan Latin, 
signifies wives. 

7. penes Deum : in the eyes of God. 

8. Facit . . . maculam : for this also helps to stain the 
origin. 

11. ad primas metas : i.e. at the head of the course. 

13. Duello : old form for bello. Potentes : masculine 
plural, agrees with Consus, Mars, and Lares, and here means 
lords, rulers. 

14. apud earn : sc. aram. 

26. de titulis : on the very face of the titles. 

28. utriusque generis : i.e. the theatre and the circus. 

29. Megalenses, etc. : with these names, ludi must be 
supplied. 

Page 3. 9. apudnos: i.e. Christians. 

17. de reatu generali : derived from the common guilt of 
idolatry. 

20. praecedit : i.e. before the games themselves. 

21. de imaginum agmine : by the long line of images (of 
the gods). 

22. de sedibus : sc. deorum. 

c 

c«rc 



34 Notes [Page 4 

23. de exuviis : by the robes. Tertullian uses this word 
for the splendid apparel of the gods. sacra : rights. 

24. praecedant, intercedant, succedant : go before, come 
between, and follow after. 

26. illius urbis : i.e. Rome. 

27. minore cura : with less (care) pomp. pro minoribus 
viribus : in proportion to their inferior means. 

Page 4. 5. in uno : even in one. 

7. quaevis idololatria . . . criminis sui : every idola- 
trous show, however meanly or frugally furnished, is sumptuous 
and gorgeous in the amount of its sinfulness. 



ST. CYPRIAN (200-258 a.d.) 

Thascius Cecilius Cyprianus was born at Carthage. His 
parents were wealthy and distinguished, and Cyprian re- 
ceived a thorough education in philosophy. For many 
years, until the time of his conversion to Christianity, he 
taught rhetoric. He was baptized in the year 246, and two 
years later he was ordained a priest. In his preaching and 
ministrations, his charity and humility so won the hearts 
of his hearers that, in spite of his remonstrances, he was 
elected Bishop of Carthage. 

During the persecution of the Christians by the Emperor 
Decius, in the year 249, the life of Cyprian, as the leader of 
the Church in Africa, was particularly sought. He fled 
from Carthage, returning the following year, when the rigor 
of the persecution had abated. When the plague swept 
over the city in 252, Cyprian was constantly active in his 
ministrations to the sick and dying. He was aided in this 
work by rich and poor, Christians and pagans, whom he 
organized into a society for nursing the sick and burying 
the dead. 



Page 6] St. Cyprian 35 

Some five years later, under the persecution by Valerian, 
Cyprian was banished from Carthage. In less than a year, 
however, he was brought back, tried before the proconsul, 
sentenced to death, and beheaded. 

In his method and lines of thought he followed closely in 
the footsteps of Tertullian, whom he called his master. His 
style, however, is very different from Tertullian's. Sarcasm, 
invective, or abuse he never used, but established his points 
firmly by means of logic and clear reasoning. His argu- 
ments gained power from the example he set in his own life, 
which was always of the utmost simplicity and purity. 

The purpose of the tract On the Vanity of Idols, from 
which this selection is made, is to show that the gods were no 
more than deified men. His argument is essentially the same 
as that of Euhemeros, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria. 
This tract is, as Farrar says, " St. Cyprian's farewell to hea- 
thendom as a religious system." The work is a careful 
analysis of mythologic beliefs, by one who was a witness of 
their practice, and, to a certain extent, of their decay. 

Page 5. 1. vulgus : the common people. 
3. suos : sc. populos. 

6. hostias : sc. Mis. 

7. Inde posteris . . . solatia : and what at first were in- 
vented as consolations, became sacred rights in the generations 
after. 

8. an stet . . . Veritas : whether this truth is sustained in 
individual instances. 

18. manifestum est : it is notorious. inde Latium, etc.: 
and that Latium received its name from being latent there. 

19. Hie = Saturn. 

Page 6. 1. primus instituit : B. 241. 2 ; G. 325. 7 ; Y. 
137. 4 ; S. 237. 2 ; H. 497. 3 ; A. and G. 191. 



36 Notes [Page 7 

2. rusticitatis . . . cultor : maintainer of the country 
life. 

3. pingitur : Saturn is painted as an old man bearing a 
sickle. fugatum : driven into exile. 

20. Cur vero . . . valuisse ? Why again do you think 
that the gods can do all for the Romans, when you see them 
availing nothing for their own nations against the Roman 
arms ? 

22. vernaculos : Newman translates this word home-born. 
Est : belongs with factus. 

23. et Picus, etc.: and so were Picus and Tiburinus. 



7. 3. Idaea : at Ida. 

6. est et Venus . . . vulnerata : and they have a Venus 
the Bald, more dishonored by her baldness in Rome, than by 
her wound in Homer. 

19. rem concordiae, etc. : an affair of a peaceful nature, 
he enters upon by deeds of quarrel. 



LACTANTIUS (about 250-330 a.d.) 

Lactantius was born near the middle of the third century, 
probably, at Firmum, in Italy. Very little is known of his 
life. He embraced Christianity from conviction, and de- 
voted his life and talents to its defence. Such was his repu- 
tation for learning that Constantine appointed him, in the 
year 313, preceptor to the prince, Crespus. Jerome refers to 
him as " the most learned man of his time." The clearness, 
force, and beauty of Lactantius' style, the classic quality of 
his Latin, and his skill in argument, have frequently led 
men to compare him with Cicero. 

The selection given here is from the Book on the Death 
of Persecutors. It deals with the persecution under Diocle- 
tian, of which Lactantius was a witness. 



Page 13] Laetantius 37 

Page 9. De Mortibus : The word mors is used in the 
plural when it means the death of more than one person. 
Praeclarae mortes sunt imperatorum (Cicero, Fin. I. 30). 

5. mentis : used here in an active sense ; used further on 
with a passive meaning. omnibus adversariis : these are : 
Severus, who died 307 ; Maximinus Hercules, 307 ; Galerius, 
311 ; Maxentius, 312 ; Maxhninus Dai'a, and Diocletian, 313. 

7. templum Dei : the church. 

9. principes : Constantine and Licinius, the signers of the 
Edict of Milan. 

10. resciderunt . . . providerunt : an example of asynde- 
ton, a favorite figure with Laetantius. 

14. lux refulsit : St. Cyprian expresses the same idea at 
the beginning of the tract De Lapsis. 

Page 12, 27. animal : used as a term of reproach, monster. 
Cicero, in speaking of Clodius, says (Pis. 9), Funestum 
illud animal. 

28. persequatur : B. 277 ; G. 265 ; Y. 189. 

Page 13. 2. Carpos : colony of Germania Transvistulam, 
established probably on Carpates Mons. 

8. multo post : Valerian came to the throne in 253, and 
commenced the persecution in 257. Among the illustrious 
victims of this persecution are Pope Sixtns II., St. Laurence the 
Deacon, and St. Cyprian. 

19. ac terga praebere : this was the practice of the 
oriental kings toward captives. There are several Scriptural 
passages which allude to the custom ; e.g. Donee ponam inimi- 
cos tuos scahellum pedum tuorum. 

22. triumphatus : triumphare is only found in a transitive 
sense in post-Augustan Latin. aliquamdiu = ten years, 
from 259-269. 

25. filium : Gallienus, the profligate who was slain by his 
own soldiers in 268. 

28. derepta est ei cutis : Ovid (Met. VI. 387) has : Cla- 
manti cutis est summos derepta per artus. 



38 Notes [Page 15 



ST. JEROME (331-about 422 a.d.) 

St. Jerome (St. Hieronymus) was born at Stridon, a little 
town on the borders of Dalmatia. The wealth of his father, 
Eusebius, placed the best educational resources of the time 
at his disposal. In Rome he studied the classics under 
Donatus, and it is commonly believed that he afterward 
studied law. It was while studying in Rome that Jerome 
fell a prey, as he tells us, to the temptations of which the 
city was so full at the time. Finally, however, he rose above 
them, and in 360 he was baptized. His baptism was fol- 
lowed by a period of travel, during which he visited 
Aquilea, Treves, Antioch, and Syria. On his return he was 
long occupied in the study of the Scriptures and the revision 
of the Latin Gospels, — a task intrusted to him by Pope 
Damasus. In 385, after a pilgrimage through the Holy 
Land, Jerome settled at Bethlehem, where a monastery 
was built for him. Here he translated the Old Testament 
from Greek into Latin. This translation occupied him up 
to 405, some fifteen years in all, and was his last important 
work. It was while he was engaged on this work that his 
friendship of twenty-five years' standing with Rufinus was 
broken by religious controversy. He died and was buried 
at Bethlehem, but his body was afterward removed to 
Rome. 

Jerome was a deeply learned man, and some of his works 
on subjects outside his chosen field, notably geography and 
history, were of real importance in advancing the learning 
of his time. In life he practised the austerity which he so 
earnestly preached ; his discourses were always most eloquent 
in rebuking luxury, effeminacy, vanity, and avarice. Farrar 
says that Jerome stands far higher than Lactantius, in 



Page 18] St. Jerome 39 

genius, individuality, and force, though his style may not 
be so purely classical. 

Page 15. 1-8. St. Jerome thanks Magnus, a Roman ora- 
tor, for giving salutary advice to a young man named Sebesius, 
who had committed some fault. 

3. Et mirum : and strange to say. 

4. Certaverunt . . . pietas : there has been indeed a con- 
flict between indulgence in the father and affection in the son. 

5. praeteritorum non meminit : B. 206. n.j G. 376; Y. 
156 ; S. 216 ; H. 454 ; A. and G. 219. 

6. officia : dutiful behavior. 

9 ff. St. Jerome defends his use of pagan writings by the 
example of the Fathers. 

11. Ethniconim sordibus : with the foulness of heathenism. 

15. omisso Volcatio : having put aside {the reading of) 
Volcatius. 

18. nonnulla proposuisse. et aliqua respondisse : that 
Solomon proposed questions to the philosophers of Tyre and 
answered others {put to him by them). 

22. aenigmata : dark sayings. 

Page 16. 12. Tov -yap kcu -ye'vos ecrp-e'v : see Acts xvii. 28. 

15. inscriptionem fortuitam : a chance inscription. 

16. arte torquet : skilfully turns. fidei : Acts xvii. 22. 

27. Firmiano narrante : so Lactantius tells us. 

Page 17. 4. Methodius. Eusebius, and Apolliuaris : 

Apologists of the fourth century. Their works have perished. 

17. quanquam : it is true. 

28 ff. This paragraph enumerates many of the Christian 
writers who profited by pagan literature. 

28. Curram per singulos : Let me run through the list of 
our own writers. 

Page 18. 8. Antonino Pio et filiis eius : Marcus Aure- 
lius and Lucius Verus. 

22. Stromatum : aTpa/mareis, Miscellanies. 

23. vTroruir»o-€<ov : outline sketches. 



40 Notes [Page 19 

Page 19. 19. Veniam ad Latinos : / will pass on to the 
Latin writers. 

Page 20. 15 ff. He hints that the objection comes from 
Rufinus. 

19. Quanquam . . . Lanarius sit : I am inclined, indeed, 
to fancy — the thought comes into my head as I dictate — that 
you yourself know quite well what has always been the practice 
of learned (Christians) in this matter ; to believe that inputting 
this question to me you are only the mouthpiece of another, ivho 
by reason of his love for the histories of Sallust might well be 
called Calpumius Lanarius. Rufinus is the person meant. 
See Biography on page 38. 



ST. AMBROSE (about 330-397 a.d.) 

Ambrose was born at Treves, and received a Christian 
education, studying and afterward practising law. He be- 
came prefect of Liguria and Aemilia while living at Milan, 
and in 374 was elected Bishop of Milan. The qualities which 
had gained him this position, — his courage, diplomacy, and 
unwavering sense of duty, — made him, in filling it, " a tower 
of impregnable strength " to the Church. He was the adviser 
of Valentinian I. and II. and of Theodosius, and his fearless 
and inexhaustible energy in upholding the dignity of the 
Church against intrigue and despotism ceased only with his 
life. The chief merits of his style are its clearness and di- 
rectness. It has little in the way of grace and harmony, but 
is always terse and practical. The selection given in the 
text is from a reply to a petition of Symmachus to the 
emperor, to restore an altar and golden statue of victory, 
and to reestablish the ancient orders of priests and virgins 
who attended it. In this letter, Ambrose threatens Valen- 



Page 23] St. Ambrose 41 

tinian with excommunication, if the emperor should enter 
into any compromise with the heathen. 

Page 21. 1. Cum : causal. 

3. et tu . . . probares : and you, Emperor, although 
still young in years and experience, yet a veteran in the power 
of faith, did not approve of the prayer of the heathen. 

9. relationis : the Memorial of Symmachus, a petition 
addressed to the senate and emperors by Symmachus, prefect 
of Rome, who asked that the pagan religion he reinstated, 
and that the Altar of Victory he rebuilt in the senate-house, so 
that the ancient customs could be observed. " The Memorial " 
is drawn up with consummate skill, both in what is brought 
forward and in what is left unsaid. 

13. verborum elegantiam . . . vim rerum : elegance of 
language, force of facts. 

19. si diligentius manu tractes : if you consider it more 
carefully. 

Page 22. 18. decorum suorum : of their gods. 

19. Nam : and why. 

21. quales praesules : what sort of protectors. 

Page 23. 1. Facessat: subjunctive of exhortation. 
3. Quid . . . cruentatis : ivhy, etc. 
5. Aliis . . . disciplinis : ablative of means. 
9. Quid de Attilio : sc. Begulo. qui militiam etiam 
mortis impendit : icho gave even the service of his death. 

12. veterum exempla profertis ? exempla here means 
rites, customs. 

13. bimestres, etc. : " Perhaps by a Rhetorical exaggeration 
reference is made to Galba, Otho, and Vitellius, who reigned 
less than three years between them ; or else to Pertinax and 
his successor, Julian, each of whom was murdered under three 
months." — Schaff. 

17. alter captivus imperator, sub altero : these emperors 
were Valerian, taken prisoner by Sapor, and treated with great 



42 Notes [Page 24 

indignity by the Persians, a.d. 260, and his son Gallienus, under 
whom a number of generals, nicknamed " The Thirty Tyrants," 
claimed and exercised independent authority. Gallienus made 
but feeble and desultory attempts to put any of them down, 
turning into wretched jests each new humiliation, and taking 
refuge in sensuality from the hopeless, task of state reorganiza- 
tion. — Dictionary Christian Biography. 
22. longaeva : sc. in mea aetate. 

Page 24. 3. qui condidit : sc. me. 

4. magis de Deo, quam Deo : first Deo is ablative, gov- 
erned by de ; second Deo is dative, governed by credam. 
11. vestra : your ivays, manners. 

Page 25. 8. gentiles : sc. imperatores. 
13. amplius : a greater benefit. 

18. sine quaestu: without help, i.e. financial assistance, 
contribution. 



ST. AUGUSTINE (354-430 a.d.) 

St. Augustine was born at Tagasta, in Africa. At the age 
of seventeen he was sent to Carthage to complete his educa- 
tion. Here he became a convert to the Manichean doctrines, 
greatly to the sorrow of his mother, who was a Christian. 
After gaining a reputation for eloquence and learning, he 
went to Rome, and then to Milan. His mother followed 
him from place to place, seeking his conversion, which was 
finally brought about by St. Ambrose. On the death of his 
mother, a year after his baptism, Augustine returned to 
Tagasta. After dividing his property among the poor, he 
retired for three years of solitary meditation and study. In 
later life he was elected Bishop of Hippo. He perished at 



Page 30] St. Augustine 43 

the age of 76, in the siege of Hippo, refusing to leave his 
post "when the Vandals surrounded the city. 

In many of his writings, as in this selection from his 
Confessions, St. Augustine shows his early classical train- 
ing, to which he owed a debt he often acknowledged. In 
this case, however, he shows no sympathy for the literature 
and philosophy in which he was trained. 

Page 26. 5. legere et scribere et numerare : reading, 
writing, and arithmetic. The Infinitive is here used as a noun. 
7. habebam : / regarded, thought, or considered. 

Page 27. 23. venditores grammaticae vel emptores : 

buyers or sellers of grammar, learning. 

Page 28. 1. secundum id pactum et placitum, quo 
inter se homines ista signa firmarunt : according to, or as 
to, the signs which men have conventionally settled. 

17. ut ego ilium : ilium refers to Homer. 

Page 29. 4. Sed illius fluxum ... ad tentationes 
martyrum : only this enforcement restrains the rovings of that 
freedom, through Thy laws, my God, Thy laws, from the 
master's cane to the martyr's trials. 

17. ex eodem pulvere : from, or of, the same school, or 
sect. 

26. et magna res agitur . . . foro : and a great solemnity 
is made of it, when this is going on in the forum. 

Page 30. 9. bonae spei puer : a boy of much promise. 



VOCABULARY 



a or ab (ab is used for a before 

h or a vowel) , prep, with abl. , 

by, at, from. 
abeo, ire, ii or ivi, itum, to go 

away, depart, go from, escape. 
abutor, uti, usus sum, dep., 

to use, use up ; misuse, waste. 
ac or atque, connective conj., 

and, and also, and even. 
Acca, ae, f., Acca. 
accedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 

to come to, enter; with abl. 

or dat., to be added to. 
acceptus, a, um, appointed, 

agreeable. 
accerso (arcesso), sere, ivi, 

itum, to cause to come, to 

call, summon ; to bring, fetch. 
accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 

to hear, receive, accept, take ; 

to appoint. 
accuso, are, avi, atum, to 

reproach, blame, call one to 

account. 
acies, el, f., a battle-array, 

an army drawn up for battle, 

a battle-line. 
acquiescS, ere, evi, to acqui- 
esce in, assent to. 
acquiro, ere, sivi, situm, to 

get, obtain, acquire. 



acta, orum, n. pi., things 

done, deeds, acts. 
acutus, a, um, sharp, pointed, 

acute, severe. 
ad, prep, with ace, to, at, for. 
adamo, are, avi, atum, to 

love, fall in love with. 
addo, ere, didi, ditum, to put 

to, add to, increase, augment. 
adeo, ire, ii or ivi, itum, to 

go to, approach. 
adf, see aff. 
adhuc, adv., to this point, 

hitherto, till now; besides, 

moreover. 
adimo, ere, emi, emptum, to 

take away, deprive of. 
Admetus, I, m., Admetus. 
administro, are, avi, atum, to 

execute, perform, administer. 
admiratio, onis, f., wonder, 

admiration, astonishment. 
admiror, ari, atus, sum, dep., 

to admire, wonder at. 
admoneo, ere, ui, itum, to 

put in mind, show, suggest, 

admonish, warn. 
adorator, oris, m., an adorer, 

ivorshipper. 
adoro, are, avi, atum, to 

entreat; worship, adore. 



1 



ADRIANUS 



ALIENUS 



Adrianus, I, m., Adrian, a 
celebrated Koman emperor. 

adscribo (ascribo), ere, 
scrips!, scriptum, to as- 
cribe, attribute, impute. 

adulterans, antis, part, adj., 
one committing adultery, an 
adulterer. 

adulterium, I, n., adultery, 
adulteration. 

adulter 6, are, avi, atum, to 
commit adultery, to defile. 

adveho, ere, vexi, vectum, 
to carry to, conduct, bring in. 

advenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
to come to, reach, arrive at. 

adventus, us, m., the ap- 
proach, arrival, forerunner. 

adversarius, 1, m., an enemy, 
opponent, adversary. 

ad vers 5, are, avi, atum, to 
turn to, turn against ; to jeer 
at, ridicule. 

adversus or adversum, prep, 
with ace, to, toward, against, 
in opposition to. 

adverto, ere, verti, versum, 
to turn or direct toward, to 
observe, perceive, remark. 

aedes (aedis), is, f., temple, 
building. 

Aegyptius, a, um, Egyptian. 

Aegyptus, I, m., Egypt. 

Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas, a 
Trojan prince, son of Venus 
and Anchises, and the hero 
of the Aeneid. 



aenigma, atis, n., an enigma, 
riddle, question. 

aer, aeris, in., the air, weather, 
atmosphere, heavens. 

aerarium, I, n., a bank, a 
treasury. 

Aesculapius, I, m., Aescula- 
pius, a son of Apollo. 

aetas, atis, f., time of life, age. 

aevum, I, n., a space of time, 
age. 

afficio, ere, feci, tectum, to 
afflict a person, to trouble, 
to punish. 

affigo, ere, fixi, fixum, to 
fasten to, to fix on. 

affirmo, are, avi, atum, to 
assert, say, affirm. 

afflictus, a, um, part, adj., 
afflicted, distressed, unfor- 
tunate. 

Africa, ae, f., Africa. 

Africanus, I, m., Africanus (P. 
Cornelius Scipio); he defeated 
Hannibal at Zama, 201 b.c. 

agmen, inis, n. , a host, crowd, 
line of march. 

ago, ere. egi, actum, to move, 
drive, tend ; carry, do, act, per- 
form, plead, deliver a speech. 

aio (ais, ait), defective, to 
assent, say, assert. 

Alexander, dri, m., Alexander. 

Alexandria, ae.f., Alexandria. 

Alexandrinus, a, um, Alex- 
andrian. 

alienus, a,um,foreign, strange. 



ALIO 



ANGELUS 



alio, adv., of place, to some 

other place ; of time, at some 

other time. 
aliquamdiu, adv. , a while, for 

some time, for a considerable 

time. 
aliquando, temp, adv., at any 

time, at some time; once, 

formerly ; hereafter. 
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, pron. 

indef. adj., some, any. 
aliquis, aliquid, pron. indef. 

subst., some one, any one, 

something, anything. 
aliquot, indecl. indef. num., 

some, a few. 
aliunde (aliunde), adv., from 

elsewhere, to no other source 

or place. 
alius, alia, aliud, adj., other, 

another; alius . . . alius, 

the one . . . the other. 
alludens, entis, part, adj., one 

playing with, joking with, 

jesting with, one sportively 

encouraging. 
altare or altar, altaris, post- 
classical for altaria, ium, n. 

pi., an altar, a high altar. 
alter, era, erum, adj., the one, 

the other, the other of two. 
altercor, ari, atus sum, dep., 

to dispute, argue. 
alternis, adv., alternately, by 

turns. 
altius, adv., higher, farther, 

deeper. 



amaritudo, inis, f . , bitterness, 
severity. 

amarus, a, um, adj., bitter, 
harsh, severe, disagreeable. 

ambiguus, a, um, changeable, 
uncertain, doubtful, ambigu- 
ous. 

ambitio, onis, f., grandeur, 
vanity, ambition. 

Ambrosius, I, m., St. Am- 
brose, bishop of Milan, born 
at Treves about the year 
340. 

ambulo, are, avi, atum, to 
go about, walk, take a walk, 
to travel, go away. 

amicus, i, m., a friend, com- 
panion. 

amo, are, avi, atum, to like, 
love, admire. 

amor, oris, f., love, longing, 
languor. 

Amphilochius, I, m., Amphi- 
lochius, bishop of Iconium. 

amplius, adv., more, longer, 
further, larger, greater. 

amputo, are, avi, atum, to 
cut off, cut away, prune, 
pare. 

an, conj., or, whether. 

Anatolius, I, m., Anatolius, a 
chief priest of the church of 
Laodicea. 

ancilla, ae, f . , a maid servant, 
a female slave. 

Ancus, 1, m., Ancus. 

angelus, 1, m., an angel. 



ANGULUS 



ARGUMEXTOR 



angulus, 1, m., angle, corner ; 

remote place. 
angustia, ae, f., a narroiv 

place, short in extent, narrow 

limit. 
anima, ae, 1, life, spirit, soul. 
animadverts, ere, verti, ver- 

sum, to think, consider, turn 

the mind to; observe, perceive. 
animal, alis, n., an animal, a 

wild beast. 
animus, I, m. , the mind, will. 
annus, 1, m. , a year. 
anser, eris, m., a goose. 
ante, prep, with ace, before, 

in front of; adv., before. 
antea, temp, adv., before this 

or that, formerly, before. 
Antichristus, I, m., the Anti- 
christ. 
Antiochenus, I, f., Antioch. 
antiquitas, atis, f., olden 

time, antiquity. 
Antoninus, i, m., Antoninus. 
antrum, I, n., a cave, cavern. 
aperio, ire, perui, pertum, to 

uncover, open. 
apertus, a, um, open, un- 
covered. 
Apollinaris, e, and Apolli- 

narius, a, um, adj., Apolli- 

narian. 
Apollinarius, i, m., Apollinaris 
Apollo, inis, m., Apollo, a son 

of Jupiter and Latona. 
Apollonius, i, m. , Apollonius, 

a Christian apologist. 



Apologeticus, i, m., the Apol- 
ogy- 

apostolus, I, m., an apostle, a 
follower. 

apparatus, us, m., equipment, 
provision. 

appareo, ere, parui, paritum, 
to appear, come in sight, 
make one's appearance, be 
visible. 

appellatio, onis, f., name, 
title. 

appello, are, avi, atum, to call 
upon, speak to ; to entreat, 
appeal to ; to call, pronounce, 
name. 

Appio, onis, m., Appio, a 
grammarian. 

approbo, are, avi, atum, to 
approve, assent to, favor. 

Aprilis, is, m., the month 
April. 

apud, prep, with ace., icith, 
among ; in the mind of; in, 
to, at. 

ara, ae, f., an altar, an eleva- 
tion for sacrifice. 

Aratus, i, m., Aratus, a Greek 
poet. 

arcesso (accerso), ere, Tvi, 
itum, to fetch, bring, sum- 
mon. 

Argivus, a, um, adj., Argive, 
of Argos. 

argumentor, ari, atus sum, 
dep., to argue, to demon- 
strate. 



ARGUMENTUM 



AUGUSTUS 



argumentum, 1, n., an argu- 
ment, proof, evidence, sign. 

Aristides, is, m., Aristides, an 
Athenian apologist. 

&.ristoteles, is, m., Aristotle, 
a celebrated philosopher, 
teacher of Alexander the 
Great, 

arma, orum, n. pi., arms, im- 
plements, tools. 

armatus, a, um, equipped, 
armed. 

Arnobius, I, n., Arnobius, an 
African heathen rhetorician, 
who was converted to Chris- 
tianity. 

arridens, entis, part, adj., one 
smiling upon, one being 
pleased ivith. 

arte, adv., skilfully, narrowly, 
closely, briefly. 

artifex, icis, m., a player, ar- 
tist, expert, mechanic. 

ascendo, ere, scendi, scen- 
sum, to ascend, mount, climb. 

Asia, ae, f., Asia. 

aspergo (adsp), ere, ersi, 
ersum, to scatter, strew upon, 
sprinkle upon; to dash or cast 
upon. 

assertio, orris, f., an assertion, 
unsupported declaration. 

assumo, ere, mpsi, mptum, 
to take up, add, adopt; to 
cite, quote, say. 

Assyrii, orum, m. pi., the As- 
syrians. 



Asterius, I, m., Asterius, 
bishop of Amasea in Pontus. 

asylum, i, n., an asylum, ref- 
uge. 

at or ast, conj., but, yet, then, 
on the other hand. 

Athanasius, I, m., Athana- 
sius, bishop of Alexandria. 

Atheniensis, e, adj., Athe- 
nian. 

Atilius, T, m., Atilius (Regu- 
lus). 

attigo, old form of attingo, 
ere, tigi, to touch, come in 
contact with. 

auctor, oris, m., author, 
writer ; originator ; perse- 
cutor. 

auctoritas, atis, i., power, in- 
fluence, dignity, authority. 

audacior, ius, adj. (compar. 
of audax), bolder, more 
audacious, more presumptu- 
ous. 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi- 
dep., to dare, venture to do, 
dare to do. 

audio, ire, ivi, or ii, Itum, to 
hear, perceive, listen. 

augeo, ere, auxi, auctum, to 
increase, augment. 

augurium, I, n., an augury, 
prophecy. 

augustus, a, um, august, ma- 
jestic, venerable. 

Augustus, i, m., Augustus, a 
Roman surname. 



AURELIANUS 



CAESARIEXSIS 



Aurelianus, I, m., Aurelian, a 
Roman emperor. 

aureus, a, um, adj., of gold, 
golden. 

auris, is, f., the ear. 

aurum, 1, n., gold, the bright 
metal. 

auspicium, I, n., auspice; 
sign, omen. 

auspicor, ari, atus sum, dep., 
to make a beginning, to be- 
gin ; to take auspices at the 
beginning of an undertaking. 

aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, 
either . . . or. 

autem, conj. , again, moreover, 
however, but. 

auxilium, 1, n., aid, help, 
assistance, succor. 

B 

balneum, 1, n. (pi., balneae, 
orum, and balnea, orum), 

a bath, bath-house. 
barbarus, I, m., a barbarian, 

foreigner, stranger. 
Bardesanes, is, m., Barde- 
sanes, a courtier at Abgars. 
Basilius, I, m., St. Basil, 

bishop of Caesarea, in Cap- 

padocia. 
beatus, a, um, adj., happy. 
bellator, oris, m., a warrior, 

a soldier, fighter. 
beneficium, I, n., a benefit, 

favor, gift. 
bestia, ae, f ., a beast, wild beast. 



bibliotheca. ae. f., a library. 

bibo, ere, bibi, to drink, im- 
bibe, absorb. 

bifariam, adv., in two parts, 
in two places, in two ways. 

bifrons, ontis, adj., icith two 
faces, having two faces. 

bimestris, e, adj., of two 
months 1 duration, two months 
old. 

blandimentum, 1, n., a caress, 
a soothing, flattery. 

bonus, a, um, adj., good, beau- 
tiful. 

Bostrensis, is, f., Bostra. 

Brachinanae, arum, pi., the 
Brahmans (of India). 

brevis, e, adj., short, little, 
small. 

breviter. adv., shortly, briefly, 
concisely. 

bruma, ae, f., lointer, winter- 
time. 

Brutus, I, in., Brutus, a Ro- 
man surname. 



cado, ere, cecidi, casum, to 

fall, fall down ; die ; happen. 
caedo,ere, cecidi, caesum,to 

strike, beat, cut, cut down, kill. 
Caenophrurium, I, m., Cae- 

nophrurium, a city in Thrace. 
Caesar, aris, m., Caesar, an 

emperor. 
Caesariensis, e, adj., Caesa- 



CALEXDAE 



CEDO 



Calendae (or Kalendae). 
arum, f. pi., the Calends, or 
Kalens, the first day of the 
Roman month. 

Callimachus, I, in., Calli- 
machus, a Greek poet and 
grammarian. 

Calpurnius, I., m., Calpurnius. 

calvus, a, um, adj., bald, with- 
out hair. 

calx, calcis, i, the heel ; hence 
the end, close, finish. 

Camillus, I, m., Camillas, who 
recaptured the Tarpeian rock 
from the barbarians. 

candor, oris, m., whiteness, 
clearness, radiance, bright- 
ness. 

canis, is, m. or f., a dog. 

canities (ace. em ; abl. e ; 
other cases do not occur) , f . , 
a gray color, gray hair, old 
age. 

Cannae, arum, f. pi., Canna. 
made famous by the slaugh- 
ter of the Roman forces by 
Hannibal. 

cantio, onis, f. , a singing, a 
song, a sing-song, an incan- 
tation. 

canto, are, avi, a turn, to 
sound, to sing, recite. 

capio, ere, cepi, captum, to 
take, seize, capture, capti- 
vate. 

Capitolinus, a, um, Capito- 
lian, Capitoline. 



Capitolium, I, n., the Capitol, 
temple of Jupiter on the 
summit of Mons Capitolinus, 
at Rome. 

Cappadox, ocis, m., a Cap- 
padocian. 

caprea, ae, 1, a roebuck; a 
wild she-goat, a gazelle. 

captivitas, atis. f., captivity. 

captivus, a, um, captured, 
caught, taken prisoner. 

captus, a, um, part, adj., 
captured, imprisoned. 

caput, itis, n., the head, top 
end, extremity. 

caro, carnis, f., flesh, body. 

Carpi, orum, m. pi., the Carpi, 
a people in Dacia. 

Carthaginiensis, e, adj., Pu- 
nic, Carthaginian. 

Carthago, inis, f., Carthage. 

cams, a, um, dear, esteemed, 
loved. 

cassus, a, um, adj., empty, 
icorthless, useless. 

Castor, oris, m., Castor, 

brother of Pollux. 
| causa (caussa), ae, f. , cause, 
reason, motive. 

causa, prep, with gen., on ac- 
count of, for the sake of. 

causidicus, I, m., a pleader, 
an advocate. 

cautio, onis, f., heedfulness, 
precaution. 

cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, to 
yield to, submit to. 



CELEBRO 



8 



CLEMENS 



celebro, are, avi, atum, to 

celebrate, solemnize ; to fre- 
quent. 

Celsus, 1, m., Celsus, the au- 
thor of a treatise against 
Christianity. 

censeo, ere, censui, cen- 
sum, to count, reckon, com- 
pute. 

census, us, m., census, sum, 
amount, total. 

Cerealis, e, adj., Cerealian, 
of Ceres. 

ceremonia, ae, f., ceremony, 
rite. 

cerno, ere, crevi, to dis- 
tinguish, see, discern, per- 
ceive; of legislative acts, 
decree. 

certe, adv., certainly, assur- 
edly, surely; yet, indeed, at 
least ; undoubtedly. 

certus, a, um, adj., deter- 
mined, certain, fixed, sure. 

cervix, icis, f., the neck. 

ceterum (or caeterum), adv. 
and conj., but, besides, more- 
over, in other respects. 

ceterus (caeter), cetera, 
ceterum, adj., the other, 
the rest, the remainder. 

Christianus, a, um, adj., 
Christian ; Christianus, I, 
m., a Christian. 

Christus, I, m., Christ, the 
Saviour of mankind. 

Cicero, onis, m., Cicero. 



Circe, ae, f., Circe, daugh- 
ter of the Sun and of 
Perse. 

circenses, ium, m. pi., the 
games of the Circus. 

circum, adv., and prep, with 
ace., around, about, all 
around, at. 

circumfero, ferre, tuli, la- 
tum, irreg., to carry about 
or around. 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ven- 
tum, to come around, encir- 
cle, surround, beset. 

circumvolvo, ere, to roll 
around, twine around, en- 
velop, surround. 

circus, I, m., a ring, a race- 
course, the Circus. 

civitas, atis, f.. the state, 
commonwealth. 

damans, antis, part, adj., one 
calling, shouting, or crying 
out. 

clamo. are, avi, atum. to call, 
shout aloud, cry out. 

clarus, a, um, clear, bright, 
renowned, famous, illus- 
trious. 

clausula, ae, f., a close, con- 
clusion, an end, ending. 

clava, ae, f., a club, cudgel. 

clavus, I, in., literally, nail; 
handle, rudder, helm. 

Clemens, entis, in., Clement, 
a Christian writer of Alexan- 
dria. 



CLEMENS 



9 



COMPAREO 



Clemens, entis, adj., mild, 
gentle, kind, gracious. 

dementia, ae, 1, benignity, 
mercy, highness, grace, rev- 
erence. 

Cloacma, ae, 1, the Purifier, 
a surname of Venus. 

coeco (cae-), are, avi, atum, 
to make dark, darken ; to ob- 
scure. 

coelestis (cae-), e, adj., heav- 
enly, celestial, divine. 

coelum (cae-), I, n., heaven, 
the heavens. 

coepio, ere, coepi, coeptum 
(imperfect tenses rare and 
ante-classical), to begin, com- 
mence. 

coerceo, ere, cui, citum, to 
confine on all sides, to hold 
back, restrain, deter, check. 

cogito, are, avi, atum, to 
consider, think, plan, devise. 

cognomentum, I, n., a sur- 
name. 

cognosco, ere, gnovi, gni- 
tum, to see, learn; hence, 
to know. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coac- 
tum, to drive together, col- 
lect, assemble, compel, force, 
urge, exact. 

cohaereo, ere, haesi, to hang 
together, adhere to, be con- 
sistent with. 

collegium, I, n., a college, 
brotherhood. 



colloco, are, avi. atum, to 

place, set up, build, erect. 

colo, ere, colui, cultum, to 
cultivate, till, tend, take care 
of; to honor, revere, rever- 
ence, worship. 

color, oris, m., color, tint, 
hue. 

columna, ae, f., a column, pil- 
lar, post. 

comitium, I, n., a chamber, 
a place of meeting. 

commemoro, are, avi, atum, 
to keep in mind, remember; 
to say, declare. 

commendatio, onis, 1, com- 
mendation, praise. 

commentarius, I, m., a note, 
statement, brief, commentary. 

commenticius, a, um, adj., 
fabricated, made up, thought 
out, invented. 

commodius, adv. (compar.), 
more easily, more completely, 
more perfectly. 

commoneo, ere, monui, mo- 
nitum, to remind, impress 
on one's mind, 

commoror, ari, atus sum, 
to linger, abide, sojourn, 
remain. 

communis, e, adj., common, 
ordinary, general. 

comparatio, onis, f., a com- 
paring, comparison. 

compareo, ere, ui, to appear, 
be visible, be present. 



COMPAKO 



10 



CONS OR 



comparo, are, avi, atum, to 

put together, compare, match. 

comperiS, ire, peri, pertum, 
to find out, ascertain, learn. 

compertus, a, um, adj. part., 
found 02it, learned, ascer- 
tained. 

comprehends, ere, di, sum, 
to apprehend, comprehend, 
to state, describe, narrate. 

comprehensio, onis, f. , a seiz- 
ing, a laying hold of, an 
arresting, a catching. 

comprobS, are, avi, atum, to 
prove, establish, attest, affirm, 
to test, put to a test. 

conciliabulum, I, n., a pub- 
lic place, market place, a 
court. 

concipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
to take, receive, lay hold 
of; to conceive, devise, ex- 
press. 

concordia, ae, f., concord, 
union, harmony. 

concremS, are, avi, atum, to 
burn up, consume. 

conditio, onis, f., condition, 
nature. 

conditrix, tricis, f . , a female 
builder, a foundress. 

condS, ere, didi, ditum, to 
build, found, establish, pro- 
duce, make. 

confabulatio, onis, f., conver- 
sation, intercourse. 

confero, ferre, tuli, colla- 



tum, to bring together, col- 
lect, gather; give to, confer, 
bestow. 

confessiS, Snis, f., confession, 
acknowledgment. 

cSnfessor, oris, m., a con- 
fessor ; acknowledger. 

confidens, entis, part, adj., 
bold, daring, undaunted. 

cSnfirmS, are, avi, atum, to 
make firm, establish, strength- 
en, confirm. 

cSnfiteor, eri, essus sum, 
dep., to acknowledge, confess, 
admit, own. 

congregS, are, avi, atum, to 
assemble, collect. 

congruS, ere, ui, to come to- 
gether, meet, coincide, agree 
with, correspond to. 

conjugium, 1, n., a connection, 
union; marriage, wedlock. 

conscendo, ere, scendi, scen- 
sum, to climb up, mount, 
ascend. 

consecrS, are, avi. atum, to 
dedicate, devote to, consecrate 
to. 

cSnsidS, ere. sedi, sessum. to 
sit down, sit; settle, encamp. 

cSnsilium, I, n., counsel, wis- 
dom ; apian. 

cSnsor, ortis. adj., sharing 
in common. As a subst. , in. 
or f., brother, sister, consort, 
one who shares in something 
with another. 



CONSPECTUS 



11 



CREDULUS 



conspectus, us, m., sight, 
view, vision. 

conspiratio, orris, f. , union, 
plot, conspiracy. 

Constantinus, I, in., Constan- 
tine. 

consti tutus, a, um, placed, 
arranged, fixed, established. 

Consualia, ium, n. pi., the 
Consualia, games in honor 
of Consus. 

consul, ulis, m., a consul. 

consulatus, us, m., the consul- 
ship, office of consul. 

Consus, 1, m., Consus, an 
ancient Italian deity. 

contamino, are, avi, a turn, 
to corrupt, contaminate, de- 
file, stain. 

contemno, ere, tempsi, temp- 
tum, to scorn, esteem lightly, 



strife, contention. 
contexo, ere, xui, xtum, to 

form, compose, construct. 
contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, 

to hold within, contain, to 

bind, keep together. 
contra, adv., and prep, with 

ace, opposite, against, in 

opposition to. 
contraio (contra, aio), ais, 

ait, dep., to speak against, 

contradict. ' 
contumeliose, adv., with in- 
sult, insolently, injuriously. 



contumeliosus. a, um, re- 
proachful, insolent. 

contus, 1, m., a spear, a spike. 

conventus, us, m., council, 
assembly, meeting. 

converts, ere, ti, sum, to 
turn round, change, alter, 
overturn, convert. 

copia, ae, f., supply, fulness, 
abundance ; population. 

copulatus, a, um, joined to- 
gether, united, connected. 

cor, cordis, n., the heart, soul. 

Corinthius, a, um, Corinthian, 
a Corinthian. 

Cornutus, I, m., Cornutus, a 
Stoic philosopher. 

corona, ae, f ., a crown, wreath. 

corpus, oris, n., the body, a 
body, a substance. 

corripio, ere, ripui. reptum, 
to seize, attack; rebuke, re- 
prove. 

corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, 
to break up, burst through; 
to destroy, waste, spoil, cor- 
rupt. 

coruscus. a, um, adj., waving, 
tremulous ; flashing, gleam- 
ing, brilliant, glittering. 

credens, entis, part adj., trust- 
ing, believing. 

credo, ere, didi, ditum, to 
trust, believe, have faith in, 
think, suppose. 

credulus, a, um, credulous, 
believing. 



CRESCO 



12 



DAEMONIUS 



cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, 

to grow, spring up, arise; 
increase, thrive, augment, 
multiply. 

Creta, ae, f. , Crete, an island 
in the Mediterranean. 

Cretensis, e, adj., Cretan. 

Creticus, a, um, adj., Cretan. 

Creusa, ae, f . , Creusa, daugh- 
ter of Priam, and wife of 
Aeneas. 

crimen, inis, n., an offence, 
crime, wickedness, sinful- 
ness. 

criticus, 1, m., a critic. 

cruciatus, us, m., torture, 
torment, pain, punishment. 

crucio, are, avi, atum, to 
torture, torment, afflict. 

crudelis, e, adj., cruel, rough, 
harsh. 

cruento, are, avi, atum, to 
make bloody, sprinkle with 
blood, wet with blood. 

cruentus, a, um, bloody, cruel, 
sanguinary. 

cruor, oris, m., blood, gore. 

crux, crucis, f., a cross. 

cultor, oris, in., a cultivator, 
teacher. 

cultura, ae, f., worship, hon- 
oring. 

cultus, us, m., care; cultiva- 
tion, worship, reverence. 

cum, prep, with abl., with, 
together with, among. 

cum {also quum), conj. temp., 



when, since, after ; as a 
causal part, (with the subj.), 
since, as, while. 

cunctus, a, um, all, all to- 
gether, entire, whole. 

cupio, ere, ivi, itum, to long 
for, desire, wish. 

cur, adv., wherefore, why. 

cura, ae, f., painstaking, at- 
tention, care. 

curia, ae, f., a curia or tribe; 
assembly, a meeting-house, 
court, senate-house. 

curiositas, atis, f., desire of 
knowledge, curiosity. 

curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, 
to run, hasten, hurry. 

currus, us, m., a chariot, 
triumphal car. 

cursor, oris, m., a runner. 

custodio, ire, ivi, itum, to 
ivatch, observe, keep, pre- 
serve, guard. 

cutis, is, f., the skin, hide, 
leather. 

cygnus, 1, m., a swan. 

Cyprianus, I, in., Cyprian. 

Cyprius, a, um, adj., Cy- 
prian, of Cyprus. 

Cyprus, i, f., Cyprus, an 
island in the Mediterranean. 



Dacia, ae, f., Dacia. 
daemon, onis, m., a?i evil 

spirit, a demon. 
daemonius, i, m. , a demon. 



DAMXO 



13 



DERIPIO 



damnS, are, avi, atum. to 

condemn, renounce. 
David, m., indecl., David. 
de, prep, with abl., touching, 

about, concerning ; from, of; 

ivith respect to, on account 

of, by. 
dea, ae, f., a goddess. 
debeo, ere, ui, itum, to oioe, 

be under an obligation ; ottght 

to. 
decern, card, num., ten. 
decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, 

to determine, decide, judge, 

decree, appoint. 
decimus, a, urn, ord. num., 

tenth. 
decipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 

to deceive, cheat. 
Decius, 1, m., Decius, a Latin 

praenomen. 
decretum, I, n., a decree, 

order. 
decus, oris, n., splendor, glory, 

dignity, virtue. 
dedecus, oris, n., disgrace, 

dishonor, infamy. 
dedico, are, avi, atum, to 

dedicate, consecrate. 
defendo, ere, di, fensum, to 

defend, claim, maintain. 
deferS, ferre, tuli, latum, 

to bring aivay, to report, an- 
nounce, to give over, hand 

over, to pay, to offer, to 

transfer. 
deficiS, ere, feci, fectum, to 



fail, leave, abandon, for- 
sake. 

defodiS, ere, fSdi, fossum. 
to dig downwards, to bury, to 
hide, conceal. 

defunctus, a, um, adj., dead, 
deceased. 

dehinc, adv., hereafter, hence- 
forth, afterwards, next. 

deiiciS, ere, iecT, iectum, to 
throiv, cast, or hurl down, to 
precipitate. 

dein, for deinde, adv., there- 
upon, after, afterwards. 

deleS, ere, evi, deletum, to 
abolish, destroy. 

delirus, a, um. foolish, crazy, 
silly. 

delitescS, ere, tui, to lie 
hid. 

delphinus, 1, m., a dolphin. 

delubrum. 1, n., a shrine, sanc- 
tuary, temple. 

Demetrianus, 1, m., Demetri- 
anus. 

Demetrius, 1, m., Demetrius. 

demonstrS, are, avi, atum, 
to show, point out, indicate, 
prove, demonstrate. 

denique, adv., and then, at 
length, at last. 

dens, dentis, m., a tooth. 

deputS, are, avi, atum, to 
reckon, esteem, consider. 

deripio, ere, ripui, reptum, 
to pull off, tear off, remove, 
flay. 



DERISUS 



14 



DISCO 



derisus, us, m., mockery, scorn, 
derision. 

derogo, are, avi, atum, to 
repeal, take away, diminish, 
disparage. 

descends, ere, di, scensum, 
to come, come down, descend. 

desum, deesse, deftri, irreg., 
to be away, absent, wanting, 
missing, lacking. 

deterge 6, ere, si, sum, to 
wipe off, wipe aivay. 

detineo, ere, tinui, tentum, to 
keep back, keep, retain, hold. 

Deus, 1, m., God; deus, a god. 

Deuteronomium, T, n., Deu- 
teronomy, one of the books 
of the Bible. 

devolvo, ere, volvi, volutum, 
to tumble down, destroy; to 
deprive of. 

diabolus, I, m., the devil. 

dialecticus, a, um, adj., o/or 
pertaining to disputation, di- 
alectical. As a subst. , dia- 
lecticus, i, m., a dialecti- 
cian, a logician. 

dialogus, i, m., a dialogue, 
conversation. 

Diana, ae, 1, Diana, sister of 
Apollo. 

dico, are, avi, atum, to dedi- 
cate, consecrate, devote. 

dico, ere, dixl, dictum, to 
say, call, name, pronounce; 
to appoint, establish. 

dictum, I, n., a saying, a word. 



Dido, onis, f., Dido (Elisa or 
Elissa) , the foundress of Car- 
thage. 

dies, ei, f . , a day. 

differo, ferre, distuli, dlla- 
tum, irreg., to defer, delay, 
put off. 

difficultas, atis, f., difficulty, 
hardship, trouble, distress. 

digne, adv., worthily ', fitly , be- 
comingly. 

dignitas, atis, f., dignity, au- 
thority, worth. 

dignus, a, um, worthy, deserv- 
ing, fit, proper. 

dlligenter, adv., attentively, 
carefully, diligently, ear- 
nestly. 

diligo, ere, lexi, lectum, to 
choose, value highly, esteem, 
love. 

dimico, are, avi, atum, to 
fight, contend, struggle, strive. 

dimitto, ere, misi, missum, 
to send out, send forth. 

Dionysius, I, m., Dionysius, 
a bishop of the Corinthians. 

Dioscorus, I, m., Dioscorus, a 
celebrated physician. 

disciplina, ae, f., discipline, 
training, manner, method, 
teaching, religion. 

discipulus, i, m., a disciple, a 
follower, an apostle. 

disco, ere, didici, to learn, 
know, become acquainted 
with. 



DISCORDIA 



15 



DUO 



discordia, ae, f., discord, dis- 
sension. 

discurro, ere, curri (cucur- 
ri), cursum, to run around 
or about, run to and fro. 

dispendium, I, n., expense, 
cost, loss. 

dispergo, ere, si, persum, to 
scatter, disperse, distribute. 

dispono, ere, posui, posi- 
tum, to set in order, dispose, 
arrange, regulate. 

disputatio, onis, f., arguing, 
disputing, a discussion, a dis- 
pute, an argument. 

disputo, are, avi, atum, to 
estimate, compute ; investi- 
gate, discuss, argue, dispute. 

dissimilis, e, adj., unlike, dis- 
similar, different. 

dissiniulo, are, avi, atum, to 
hide, disguise, keep secret, 
conceal ; to ignore, shun. 

diu (diutius, diutissime), 
adv., long, for a long time. 

dives, itis, ad]., rich, precious, 
abundant, well stocked. 

divinitas, atis, 1, godhead, 
divinity. 

divinus, a, um, divine, holy. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, to 
give, present, donate. 

doceo, ere, docui, doctum, 
to teach, instruct, inform, 
tell. 

doctor, oris, m., a teacher, 
instructor. 



doctrina, ae, f., doctrine, 
teaching, instruction. 

doctus, a, um, part, adj., 
learned, skilled, experienced. 

documentum, i, n., a lesson, 
pattern, example, warning. 

dogma, atis, n., a dogma, a 
decree. 

dominatio, onis, f., rule, gov- 
ernment, power, dominion. 

Dominus, I, m., the Lord; a 
master, a ruler. 

domus, us, f., a house, a home, 
a dwelling, a palace. 

Donatus, i, m., Donatus. 

donee, conj., until, till, at 
length, when. 

dorsum, 1, n., the back. 

dotatus, a, um, part, adj., 
endowed, gifted, provided. 

diico, ere, diixi, ductum, to 
lead, conduct, bring ; think, 
consider, hold, suppose. 

ductor, oris, m., a leader, com- 
mander, general. 

dudum, adv. temp., a long 
time since ; formerly ; before ; 
just now. 

dulcis, e, adj., sweet, agree- 
able, pleasing, choice. 

dum, conj., while, as long as, 
until; with subj., provided 
that, if. 

dumtaxat, adv. , literally, 
while one examines; provided 
that, if, exactly, merely. 

duo, ae, duo, card, num., two. 



DTJODECIM 



16 



ENITEO 



duodecim, card num., twelve. 
dux, ducis, m., leader, guide, 
ruler. 



e (ex is used before h and be- 
fore a vowel), prep, with abl., 
from, out of, of. 

ebrius, a, um, adj., drunk, 
intoxicated. 

ecce, adv. demonstr., lo ! see! 
behold ! 

ecclesia, ae, 1, a church, a 
place of assembly. 

edax, acis, adj., voracious, 
devouring. 

edentulus, a, um, toothless, 
without teeth. 

edlsco, ere, didici, to learn 
thoroughly or by heart, com- 
mit to memory, learn, study. 

editio, onis, f., a statement, 
a will. 

edo, ere, edi, esum, to eat, 
devour. 

edo, ere, edidi, editum, to 
put forth, emit, publish, de- 
clare, print, edit; perform, 
celebrate. 

effetus, a, um, part, adj., ex- 
hausted, worn out ; incapaci- 
tated. 

effigies, ei, f., image, likeness, 

effigy. 

ego, pers. pron. 1st pers., I; 

pi., nos, we. 
egregius, a, um, uncommon, 



distinguished, excellent, emi- 
nent. 

electus, a, um, picked, selected, 
chosen, choice, excellent. 

elegantia, ae, f., refinement, 
grace, elegance. 

Eleusmus, a, um, Eleusinian. 

eligo, ere, leg!, lectum, to 
pick out, choose, select. 

eloquens, entis, part adj., 
speaking well, eloquent. 

eloquentia, ae, f., the art of 
speaking well, eloquence. 

eloquium, I, n., eloquence, 
power of speaking well. 

eluceo, ere, xi, to shine out, 
shine forth; to show one's 
self, be apparent, be mani- 
fest. 

emano, are, avi, atum, to 
spring up, arise, emanate 
from, spread, be diffused. 

emendo, are, avi, atum, to 
correct, improve, emend. 

emico, are, cui, catum, to 
rise up, spring up into sight, 
appear. 

Emisenus, I, f., Emisa. 

emolumentum, 1, n., effort, 
labor; gain, profit, pay, sti- 
pend. 

emptor, oris, ra., a buyer, a 
]>tirchaser. 

en, interj., lo ! behold! sec! 

enim, conj.,/or, indeed, truly. 

eniteo, ere, ui, to shine forth, 
gleam, brighten. 



ENORMITAS 



17 



EVOLVO 



enormitas, atis, f., hugeness, 
enormous size ; enormity. 

ensis, is, m., a sword. 

enuntiatio, onis, f., a decla- 
ration, enunciation, a name. 

Epicurus, I, m., Epicurus. 

Epimenides, is, m., Epimen- 
ides, a Greek poet and 
prophet. 

episcopus, I, m., a bishop. 

epistola, ae, 1, a written 
communication, a letter, an 
epistle. 

epistolaris, e, adj., epistolary, 
pertaining to a letter. 

Equiria, orum, n. pi., the an- 
nual horse-race in the Cam- 
pus Martius, in honor of 
Mars. 

equus, I, m., a horse. 

erado, ere, si, to scratch out, 
erase, remove, eradicate. 

ergo, adv., therefore, conse- 
quently, accordingly. 

erro, are, avi, atum, to wan- 
der about, lose one's self; to 
err, make a mistake. 

error, oris, m., a wandering 
or straying about ; wavering, 
departure from the right way, 
error, delusion. 

erubesco, ere, erubui, to 
grow red, blush, be ashamed. 

erudio, ire, Ivi, ltum, to pol- 
ish ; educate, teach, instruct, 
bring up. 

eruditio, onis, f., learning, 



knowledge, instruction, eru- 
dition. 

eruditus, a, um, part, adj., 
learned, well-informed, expe- 
rienced, skilled. 

et, conj., and; et . . . et, 
both . . . and. 

etenim, conj., for, truly, be- 
cause, since. 

ethnicus, a, um, adj., heathen, 
pagan. 

etiam, conj., and also, further- 
more, even, besides. 

Etruria, ae, f., Etruria, a 
country on the western coast 
of Italy. 

etsi, conj., though, although, 
even, if. 

euripus, I, m., strait, canal, 
conduit. 

Eusebius, I, m., Eusebius, a 
learned bishop of Caesarea. 

Eustathius, I, m., Eustathius, 
bishop of Antioch at the 
time of the Nicene Council. 

Eva, ae, f., Eve, the first 
woman. 

evangelium, I, n., the Gospel ; 
good news. 

eversio, onis, f., an over- 
throwing, destruction. 

everto, ere, everti, eversum, 
to overthrow, overturn, up- 
set, agitate, disturb. 

evolvo, ere, volvi, volutum, 
to unroll, unfurl; to read, 
peruse. 



EVOMO 



18 



EXPROBRO 



evomo, ere, ui, itum, to vomit 
forth ; put or send forth. 

examen, inis, n., a weighing, 
an examination, an investi- 
gation, a consideration. 

excarnifico, are, atum, to 
torment, torture, to cut to 
pieces. 

excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 
to go away ; to exceed, over- 
step, go beyond, transgress. 

excello, ere, celsum, to rise, 
elevate ; to be eminent, to dis- 
tinguish one's self, to excel. 

excido, ere, cidi, to fall from, 
fall out, slip out from, es- 
cape. 

excido, ere, cidi, cisum, to 
cut down, raze, demolish, 
lay ivaste, destroy. 

excipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
to take out, except, make an 
exception to; to take, re- 
ceive. 

excito, are, avi, atum, to 
wake up, arouse, excite. 

excludo, ere, clusi, clusum, 
to shut out, except, exclude, 
cut off, separate. 

excogito, are, avi, atum, to 
devise, contrive, invent. 

excutio, ere, cussi, cussum, 
to cast or drive out, search, 
investigate, examine. 

exemplum, I, n., an example, 
a pattern, model, sample, 
a copy of a book. 



exerceo, ere, exercui, exer- 
citum, to superintend, work, 
exercise, practice. 

exercitus, us, m., an army. 

exhibeo, ere, ui, itum, to hold 
out, tender, present, deliver, 
give up ; to show, exhibit. 

exigo, ere, egi, actum, to 
demand, require, exact. 

exinde, adv., thence, next, 
after that. 

existimo, are, avi, atum, 
to judge, consider, think, 
esteem. 

exitus, us, m., end, death, 
departure. 

exordium, T, n., the begin- 
ning, commencement, intro- 
duction. 

expeditio, onis, f., an expedi- 
tion, a campaign. 

explico, are, avi, atum, orui, 
itum, to unfold, unroll, ad- 
just, regulate, explain. 

exploro, are, avi, atum, to 
search out, seek, examine, 
explore, discover, find out, 
learn, know. 

expono, ere, posui, positum, 
to set forth, explain; relate, 
publish, tell. 

exprimo, ere, pressT, pres- 
sum, to press out, hence to 
model, form, sculpture, por- 
tray. 

exprobro, are, avi, atum, to 
upbraid, reproach. 



EXSECRABILIS 



19 



FERO 



exsecrabilis, e, adj., accursed, 
detestable. 

exsequor, sequi, secutus, 
dep., to treat of, describe, 
carry out, follow to the end. 

exsisto, ere, exstiti, exsti- 
tum, to step out, come forth, 
appear. 

exspecto, are, avl, atum, to 
look for, wait for, expect. 

exstinguo, ere, exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum, to put out, extin- 
guish ; abolish, destroy, kill, 
slay. 

exstS, are, to be extant, to 
exist, to be. 

exsurgo, ere, surrexi, to rise 
up, rise, recover strength or 
power. 

extorqueo, ere, si, turn, to 
twist out, dislocate, to wrench 
out, take away by force. 

extremis, a, um, utmost, ex- 
treme, farthest, last, end. 

exuo, ere, ui, utum, to put 
off, put away, lay aside; to 
strip, despoil, deprive. 

exuviae, arum, f. pi., robes, 
clothing ; arms, equipment. 



fabella, ae, f., a brief narra- 
tive, a story, a poem. 

fabrico, are, avi, atum, or 
fabricor, arT, atus sum, to 

frame, construct,. build, make, 
make up, fabricate. 



fabula, ae, f., a story, a poem, 

a narrative. 
fabulosus, a, um, fabulous. 
facesso, ere, cessi, itum, to 

do earnestly, to despatch, to 

go away, retire, depart. 
facilius, adv., more easily, 

more readily. 
facio, ere, feci, factum, to do, 

make, create, effect, produce, 

bring to pass. 
factum, I, n., a deed, an act. 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, to 

deceive, cheat, disappoint. 
falsus, a, um, deceptive, false, 

spurious. 
fames, is, f., hunger, famine, 

poverty. 
fastigium, i, n., the roof, top, 

summit. 
fastus, a, um, part., fixed; 

with dies, festival, feast-day. 
fateor, fateri, fassus (fati or 

fari), dep., to confess, ovm, 

acknowledge. 
febris, is, f., a fever ; deified, 

Fever. 
f el, fellis, n. , the gall-bladder, 

gall ; poison; anger. 
Felix, icis, m., Minucius Fe- 
lix, a Roman lawyer of the 

second century. 
Feretrius, I, m., Feretrius, a 

surname of Jupiter. 
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg., 

to bear, carry, bring, convey ; 

allow, permit. 



FEROCIO 



20 



FRATRICIDA 



feroclo, ire, Ivi, Itum, to 

rage, be fierce, do violence. 
ferula, ae, f., a cane, a rod, a 

stick. 
ferus, a, urn, ivild, untamed, 

barbarous. 
festus, a, um, holy, solemn, 

festal. 
flctus, a, um, part, adj., ficti- 
tious, false. 
fidelis, e, adj., trusty, faithful, 

reliable. 
fides, el, f., faith, confidence, 

trust, belief. 
fldo, ere, fisus sum, semi- 

dep., to trust in, have confi- 
dence in, confide in, believe. 
flgmentum, I, n., an image, a 

fiction. 
films, 1, m., a son. 
fingo, ere, flnxl, flctum, to 

shape, form, make, invent. 
flnio, ire, Ivi, Itum, to finish, 

end, close, cease. 
finis, is, m., a boundary, limit, 

border. 
flo, fieri, f actus sum, used as 

pass, of facio. See facio. 
FIrmianus, i, m., Firmian. 
firmo, are, avi, atum, to make 

firm, establish, steady, settle. 
flagitiosus, a, um, shameful, 

disgraceful, wicked. 
flagitium, I, n., a crime, a 

shameful or disgraceful act. 
flamen, inis, m., a priest of 

one particular deity. 



flebilis, e, adj., tearful, dole- 
ful, lamentable. 

Floralis, e, adj., Floralian. 

florens, entis, part, adj., blos- 
soming ; fresh, young. 

floridus, a, um, blooming, 
flourishing. 

fluo, ere, fluxl, fluxum, flow, 
roll, flood. 

fluxus, a, um, floiving, weak, 
effeminate, debased. 

fluxus, us, m., flood, flow, 
deluge. 

foedus, eris, n., a treaty, an 
agreement, a contract. 

fons, fontis, m. , a spring, foun- 
tain, source, origin, cause, 
uprising. 

foris, adv., outside, without, 
out of doors. 

forma, ae, 1, form, outline, 
character, manner. 

formosus, a, um, adj., beau- 
tiful, well-formed. As a 
subst., formosus, i, m., 
beauty, gracefulness. 

forte, adv. , perhaps, perchance, 
indeed. 

fortissime, adv., venj strongly, 
very powerfully. 

iortmtus, a,um,chance,casual, 
accidental. 

forum, I, n., the forum, market- 
place, public-place. 

frater, tris, m., a brother. 

fratricida. ae, m., the mur- 
derer of a brolhei', a fratricide. 



FRAUS 



21 



GRAVIS 



fraus, fraudis, f., treachery, 

fraud, deceit. 
frigeo, ere, to be cold, dull, 

lifeless, languid. 
frons, frondis, f., a tree, leafy 

branch, foliage. 
fructus, us, m. , fruit, produce, 

profit. 
frugalitas, tatis, f., cheapness, 

frugality. 
fuga, ae, f., flight, escape. 
fugo, are, avi, atum, to put to 

flight, chase avmy, expel. 
fulmino, are, to lighten, to 

hxirl lightnings ; pass., to be 

struck by lightning. 
fundamentum, I, n., founda- 
tion, groundwork, basis. 
fundo, ere, fudi, fiisum, to 

pour, pour out, shed ; to pour 

forth, utter. 
funebris, e, adj., funereal, 

deathly. 
furo, ere, to be mad, be furi- 
ous, to rage. 
furor, oris, m. , rage, madness. 

fury. 
futurus, a, urn (part, of sum), 

about to be, future. 



Galilaeus, a, um, Galilean. 

As a subst. , in. , a Galilean. 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, 

semi-dep., to rejoice, be glad, 

take pleasure in. 
Geminus, i, m., Koman family 



name. Plu., Gemini, orum, 
the twin constellation, Castor 
and Pollux. 

generalis, e, adj., universal, all. 

gens, gentis, f., a nation, 
people, class; a foreigner, a 
Gentile. 

Gentilis, e, adj., Gentile, hea- 
then, pagan. 

genus, eris, n., species, kind, 
sort, race. 

gero, ere, gessi, gestum, to 
accomplish, to do, carry out, 
perform. 

gladius, I, m., a sivord. 

gloria, ae, f., glory, renown, 
praise, fame. 

glorior, ari, atus sum, to 
glory, boast. 

gloriosus, a, um, glorious, 
renowned. 

Golia, ae, m., Goliath. 

Graecus, a, um, Grecian, 
Greek. Graece, adv., in 
Greek. 

grammatica, ae, f., grammar ; 
literature, philology. 

grammaticus, i, in., a gram- 
marian, rhetorician, teacher. 

grandis, e, adj., full-grown, 
large; grand, great; lofty, 
sublime. 

gratia, ae, f., gift, favor, kind- 
ness ; with gen. , for the sake 
of. 

gravis, e, adj., heavy, harsh, 
severe, important. 



GRAVITER 



22 



IACEO 



graviter, adv. , heavily, severely, 

violently. 
Gregorius, I, m., Gregory. 
grex, gregis, m., flock, herd, 

drove, crowd. 



habeo, ere, uT, itum, to have, 
possess, hold. 

habitus, us, m., character, na- 
ture, appearance, disposition, 

Hannibal, alis, m., Hannibal, 
leader of the Carthaginians in 
the second Punic war. 

Hebraeus, i, in., a Hebrew. 

hemistichium, I, n., a hemi- 
stich, one-half a line. 

Hercules, is, m., Hercules, 
the god of strength. 

hereseon, I, n., heresy. 

Hermateles, is, m., Herma- 
teles. 

hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this. 

Hieronymus, 1, m., Jerome. 

Hieropolitanus, a, um, Hie- 
ropolitan. 

Hilarius, I, m., Hilary, bishop 
of Poictiers ; defended the 
faith against Arianism. 

hinc, adv., from this source, 
cause, place, time ; hence. 

Hippolytus, 1, m.,Hippolytus, 
the first anti-Pope. 

historia, ae, f., a narrative of 
past events, history. 

hodie, adv., to-day, at the 
present day. 



hodieque, for hodie quoque, 

to this day, still, now. 

Homerus, I, m., Homer, the 
famous Greek poet. 

homo, inis, m., a man, a 
human being. 

honor, oris, m. , respect, honor, 
repute, esteem; reward, rec- 
ompense. 

honorifica, ae, i, honor, re- 
spect, esteem, worship. 

honorifice, adv., in an honor- 
able or respectful manner, 
honorably. 

honorificus, a, um, that which 
does or confers honor ; hon- 
orable, respectable. 

honoro, are, avi, atum, to 
honor, respect, esteem. 

hora, ae, f., an hour, time. 

hospitium, I, n., hospitality. 

hostia, ae, f., victim, sacrifice, 

Hostllius, i, m. , Hostilius, king 
of Rome. 

hostis, is, m. orf., an enemy 
(public). 

htijusmodi (gen. of hie and 
modus), indecl. adj., of this 
sort, of this kind, such. 

humanus, a, um, human, mor- 
tal. 

humus, 1, m., the earth, the 
ground, the soil. 



iaceo. ere, cui, to lie. lie sick, to 
be ill, to lie prostrate ; to be 



IACIO 



23 



IMPERIUM 



neglected; to be cast down, 

dejected. 
iacio, ere, ieci, iactum, to 

throw, cast, fling, hurl. 
iacto, are, avi, atum, to throw, 

cast, hurl, scatter. 
iam, adv., already, now, at 

length. 
Ianiculum, I, n., one of the 

seven hills of Rome. 
Ianuarius, 1, m., January. 
Ianus, I, m., the sun-god, 

Janus. 
Ida, ae, f . , Ida, a mountain in 

Crete. 
Idaeus, a, um, of or belonging 

to Ida. 
idem, eadem, idem, pron., 

the same, this same. 
ideo, adv., for that reason, on 

that account, therefore. 
idololatria (idolatria), ae, f., 

idolatry, idol-worship. 
idolum, 1, n., an idol, image. 
Iesus, I, m., Jesus. 
igitur, adv., then, therefore, 

accordingly, thereupon. 
ignis, is, i.,fire. 
ignominia, ae, f., disgrace, 

dishonor, ignominy. 
ignoro, are, avi, atum, to be 

unacquainted with, ignorant 

of, not to know. 
ignotus, a, um, unknown, un- 
acquainted. 
ilia, ium, n. pi. , the flank, the 

vitals; the entrails of animals. 



illacrimo, are, avi, atum, also 
illacrimor, dep. , to weep, be- 
wail, lament, complain. 

ille, ilia, illud, pron. , that (yon- 
der) ; well known, famous. 

illic, adv., there, in that place. 

illuc, adv., thither, thereto, 
there. 

imago, inis, f., an image, 
statue, likeness. 

imbuo, ere, ui, utum, to wet, 
soak, saturate ; to impress on, 
imbue, instruct, teach. 

imito, are, avi, atum, and 
imitor, are, atus sum, to 
imitate, copy, follow, feign, 
pretend, counterfeit. 

immo (or imo), adv., (1) in 
contradiction or denial, no 
indeed, by no means ; (2) in 
general, assuredly, nay 
rather, by all means. 

immolo, are, avi, atum, to 
offer sacrifice, to immolate. 

immundus, a, um, unclean, 
impure, filthy. 

impended, ere, to hang over, 
overhang. 

impends, ere, di, sum, to 
spend, expend; to give, de- 
vote, render up. 

imperator, oris, m., emperor, 
general, ruler, leader. 

imperitus, a, um, unskilled, 
ignorant, without experience. 

imperium, i, n., empire, gov- 
ernment. 



IMPERO 



24 



IXOLESCO 



impero, are, avi, atum, to com- 
mand, order, govern, rule. 

impetus, us, m., an attack, 
assault, onset, impulse. 

impius. a, urn, irreverent, un- 
godly, wicked, impious. 

impono, ere, posui, positum, 
to place, put, set or lay into, 
on, upon, or in. 

impotens, entis, part, adj., 
powerless, impotent, weak, 
feeble, violent, despotic. 

imprimo, ere, pressi, pres- 
sum, to print, mark, impress, 
press. 

imprudens, entis, part, adj., 
unexpecting, thoughtless, un- 
conscious, unforeseeing. 

impudens, entis, f., shame- 
lessness, impudence. 

impune, adv. , without punish- 
ment, safely, with impunity. 

impunitas, atis, i., impunity. 

in, prep., (1) with ace, into, 
in ; (2) with abl., in, within. 

inanis, e, adj, empty, void, 
worthless, poor. 

incendium, I, n., a burning, 
fire, conflagration. 

incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
to begin, commence. 

incito, are, to hasten, urgefor- 
ivard, rush ; to incite, arouse, 
stir up. 

inclino, are, to bend, bend 
down, stoop. 

incommodum, i, n., an incon- 



venience, trouble, disadvan- 
tage. 

incubo, are, ui, itum, to lie 
in or upon, to abide, dwell in. 

inde, adv., thence, from that 
place; since, afterwards. 

India, ae, f., India. 

indoctus, a. um, untaught, 
unlearned, ignorant. 

induco, ere, duxi, ductum, 
to lead, bring, conduct. 

indulgentia, ae, f., indul- 
gence, complaisance, tender- 
ness, forbearance. 

Tnfans, fantis, m. or 1, a child, 
an infant. 

infantia, ae, 1, infancy, early 
childhood. 

Tnielix, Icis, adj., unfortunate, 
unhappy. 

inficio, ere, feci, fectum, to 
stain, dye, color, tinge. 

infirmitas, atis, f., vjeakness, 
feebleness, infirmity. 

ingenium, l, n., (1) nature, 
constitution ; (2) genius, abil- 
ity, talent, intellect. 

initium, I, n. .beginning, com- 
mencement ; abl. sing, (used 
adverbially), in the begin- 
ning, at first. 

iniuria, ae, f., a wrong, a loss, 
an injury, offence, insult. 

innoxius, a, um, harmless, 
blameless, innocent. 

inolesco, ere, evi, itum, to 
grow up in, or on. 



IXOPIA 



25 



IXTERPRES 



inopia, ae, f., want, needy 
lack, scarcity. 

inquam, defective verb, to say. 

inquinamentum, I, n., corrup- 
tion, defilement. 

inquino, are, to defile, pollute, 
corrupt, spoil. 

inquio, rarer form for inquam. 
See inquam. 

inrogo (irrogo), avi, atum, 
to impose, inflict, bestow. 

mscriptio, onis, f., an in- 
scription, motto, a title. 

Insignis, e, adj., remarkable, 
distinguished, extraordinary. 

insolenter, adv., unusually, 
proudly, insolently. 

instinctus, us, m., an instiga- 
tion, an impulse. 

instinguo, ere, nctum, to 
instigate, incite, impel. 

Instituo, ere, ui, utum, to es- 
tablish, found, institute, ap- 
point. 

institxitio, onis, f., custom, 
manner. 

institutor, oris, m., a builder, 
a founder, erector, contrac- 
tor. 

insto, are, stiti, to stand in or 
upon ; draw nigh, approach ; 
to urge, press on. 

instrumentum, 1, n., a mate- 
rial, a tool, an implement. 

instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, to 
build, erect; prepare, teach, 
instruct, provide, furnish. 



insulto, are. avi, atum, to 
spring or leap at or upon; 
to scoff at, abuse, revile, 
insult. 

intactus, a, um, untouched, 
uninjured, intact. 

intelligo, ere, exi, ectum, 
to perceive, discern, compre- 
hend, understand. 

intento, are, to stretch out, 
extend or direct toward or 
against. 

inter, prep, with ace. , between, 
among, amidst, with. 

intercedo, ere, cessi, ces- 
sum, to go or come between, 
to intervene. 

interdico, ere, dixi, dictum, 
to forbid, prohibit, interdict. 

interdum, adv. , sometimes, oc- 
casionally, meanwhile, in the 
meantime. 

interficio, ere, feci, fectum, 
to kill, slay, murder. 

intericio, ere, ieci, iectum, 
to throw between; to set, 
place or put between, to inter- 
mix. 

interimo, ere. emi, emptum, 
to abolish, destroy; to slay, 
kill, murder. 

interpello, are, to interrupt, 
disturb, hinder, molest, 
stop. 

interpres, etis, m. or f., ne- 
gotiator, interpreter, trans- 
lator. 



INTERPRETER 



26 



IUGUM 



interpretor, arl, atus, clep., 
to explain, expound, inter- 
pret. 

interrogatio, onis, f., a ques- 
tion, an inquiry. 

interrogo, are, to ask, ques- 
tion, interrogate. 

intro, are, to go into, to en- 
ter. 

intus, adv., on the inside, 
within. 

invenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
to invent, discover, learn, 
find out, find. 

investlg5, are, to search into, 
to investigate. 

invictus, a, urn, part., un- 
conquered, invincible, un- 
vanquished. 

invideo, ere, vidi, visum, to 
look at askance, to envy, to 
grudge. 

invidiosus, a, um, envious, 
invidious, hateful. 

inviso, ere, si, to look after, 
go to see, to visit. 

invisus, a, um, unseen, secret, 
invisible. 

involutus, a, um, involved, 
intricate, obscure. 

iocus, I (pi., also ioca, orum), 
m., a jest, joke. 

losephus, I, m., Josephus, a 
Jewish historian horn at 
Jerusalem, a.d. 37. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pron., 
self, very, own. 



Ira, ae, f., anger, wrath, rage, 

ire. 
Irenaeus, i, m., Irenaeus, a 

hishop of Lyons. 
is, ea, id, dern. pron., that; 

also ; he, she, it. 
Israelites, idis, m., an Isra- 
elite. 
iste, a, ud, dem. pron., that 

(yonder). 
ita, adv., in this manner, in 

this wise, accordingly, so, 

just. 
itaque, conj., and so, and thus, 

therefore, consequently. 
item, adv., in like manner, 

likewise, also. 
iter, itineris, n., a walk, a 

way, a journey, a march, a 

route. 
iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum, to 

order, bid, tell, command. 
iucunditas, atis, f., pleasure, 

delight, enjoyment, agree- 

ableness. 
iucundus, a. um, adj., pleas- 
ant, agreeable, delightful. 
Iudaei, orum, m. pi., the 

Jews. 
Iudaeus, a, um, Jewish. 
Iudas, or Iuda, m., indecl., 

Judas (Iscariot). 
iudex, icis, m. or f., a judge, 

a decider, an umpire. 
iudicium, I, n., judgment, 

opinion, trial, investigation. 
iugum. I, n., a yoke. 



IULIANUS 



27 



LEX 



Iulianus, I, m., Julian, the 
Apostate. 

Iulius, I, m., July; Julius 
(Africanus), a historian. 

Iuno, onis, f., Juno, sister and 
wife of Jupiter. 

Iupiter, gen. Iovis, m., Jupi- 
ter, or Jove, king of the gods. 

iustitia, ae, f., justice, equity, 
uprightness. 

iiistus, a, um, right, lawful, 
just. 

Iuvencus, 1, m., Juvencus, a 
Spanish Christian writer of 
the fourth century. 

iuvenis, is, m., a young man, 
a youth. 

iuxta, adv., nigh, near to, close 
to, by the side of; prep, with 
ace, near, near to, next to, 
like, approaching to, just as. 



K, see C. 

L 

lacero, are, to tear to pieces, 
ciit, mangle. 

lacesso, ere, Ivi, Itum, to ex- 
cite, provoke. 

lacryma, ae, f., a tear. 

Lactantius, I, m., Lactantius. 

laedo, ere, si, sum, to injure, 
hurt, offend. 

laetifico, are, to cheer, glad- 
den, delight. 

laetitia, ae, f., joy, gladness, 
pleasure, delight. 



Laodicinus, a, urn, Laodi- 
cene, pertaining to Laodi- 
cea. 

Laomedon, ontis, m., Laome- 
don, father of Priam. 

lapis, idis, m., a stone. 

latebra, ae, f., a retreat, a 
dark place, a hiding place. 

Latiaris, e, adj., Latiarian. 

Latine, adv., in Latin. 

Latinus, a, um, adj., Latin. 

Latium, i, n., Latium, a coun- 
try of Italy. 

laudatus, a, um, part, adj., 
esteemed, praiseworthy, ex- 
cellent. 

laudo, are, to praise, com- 
mend, extol. 

legatarius, a, um, enjoined by 
a last vjill and testament. 

legatus, 1, m., an ambassador, 
a legate, lieutenant. 

lego, ere, legl, lectum, to 
read, to read out, to read 
aloud; to arrange, choose, 
select. 

Lenarius, I, m., Lenarius 
Calpurnius. 

lenocinor, ari, dep. , to pander, 
flatter, serve, promote. 

Leucothea, ae, f., Leucothea, 
a sea-goddess. 

levo, are, to make light, re- 
lieve, ease; to elevate, build, 
to raise up. 

lex, legis, f., a law, precept 
rule. 



LIBELLUS 



28 



LUPERCUS 



libellus, 1, in., a little book, 
pamphlet, a treatise ; a peti- 
tion. 

libenter, adv., willingly, gladly, 
freely. 

liber, era, erum, adj., free, 
unrestrained. 

Liber, eri, m., an Italian deity, 
afterward identified with 
Bacchus. 

liber, libri, m., a book, a 
treatise. 

Liberalia, ium, n., festival in 
honor of Bacchus. 

Hberi, orum, m., children. 

libertas, atis, f., liberty, free- 
dom, license. 

libet, libere, libuit, libitum 
est, impersonal verb, it 
pleases; with dative, I like, 
I am pleased. 

licet, licere, licuit, and lici- 
tum est, (1) impers. verb, 
it is allowed, it is lawful, per- 
mitted ; (2) conj., although. 

licitus, a, um, lawful, allowed, 
permitted. 

ligneus, a, um, of wood, 
wooden. 

lignum, l, n., wood; in plural, 
firewood. 

limen, inis, n. , door, threshold, 
entrance. 

lingua, ae, f., the tongue; 
speech, language; calumny. 

Htera, ae, f., a letter of the 
alphabet, a mark, character. 



literae, arum, a letter, cor- 
respondence, writing ; the 

Scripture. 
Hterarius, a, um, pertaining 

to reading or writing. 
literatus, a, um, part, adj., 

learned, educated, studious. 
locuples, e, gen. etis, adj., 

rich, wealthy, sumptuous. 
locus, I, m., a place, spot, 

locality ; loca, orum, n. pi., 

places connected with one 

another ; loci, orum, m. 

pi., separate or different 

places. 
longaeva, ae, f., old age. 
longaevus, a, um, of great age, 

old, aged, ancient. 
longus, a, um, long. 
loquor, loqui, locutus, dep., 

to speak, talk, say, de- 
clare. 
Lucianus, I, m., Lucian, a 

presbyter of Antioch. 
ludibrium, I, n., mockery, 

derision, scoff, abuse. 
ludo, ere, si, sum, to play, 

amuse one's self with, to play 

games. 
ludus, I, m. , a spectacle, show, 

game, public game. 
luo, ere, lui, to pay a debt or 

penalty, to suffer or undergo 

punishment. 
Lupercus, I, m., Lupercus, a 

god who protected the flocks 

from wolves. 



LUSUS 



29 



MEGALEXSIS 



lusus. us, m. , a sport, a play, 

a game. 
Lydus. a. urn, Lydian ; m. as 

subst., a Lydian. 

M 

macula, ae. f., a spot, blemish, 
stain. 

magis, adv., in a higher de- 
gree, more, rather. 

magister, tri, in., master, su- 
perior, director. 

magnanimus, a, um, whole- 
souled, generous, kind. 

Magnus, 1, in., Magnus, a 
Roman orator. 

magnus, a, um, large, great, 
grand. 

maiestas, atis, 1, majesty, 
power, dignity. 

maior, us, comparative of 
magnus. 

maiores, um, m. pi., ances- 
tors, forefathers, elders. 

Malchion, orris, m., Malchion, 
a presbyter of Antiocb. 

malo, malle, malui, to choose 
rather, wish rather, to prefer. 

malum, 1, n., an evil, an in- 
jury. 

malus, a, um, evil, wicked, had. 

Mancinus, I, in., JIancinus, a 
Roman proper name. 

mando, are, to commission, to 
order, command. 

maneo. ere, mansi. mansum, 
to stay, remain, continue. 



manifeste. adv., clearly, evi- 
dently, manifestly. 

manifestus, a, um, clear, 
plain, evident, manifest. 

manus. us. f.. the hand. Abl. 
as adv., manu, carefully. 

mare. is. n.. the sea. 

Mars. Martis. m., Mars, the 
god of war. 

Martius. I. m.. Martins. 

martyrium, I, n., martyrdom. 

martyrus. I, m., a martyr. 

mater, tris, f.. a mother. 

materia, ae, 1, material, mat- 
ter ; subject-matter, a topic. 

mathematicus, I, m.. a mathe- 
matician, an astrologer. 

matricida, ae, m., a matri- 
cide, the murderer of his own 
mother. 

matrimonium, I, n., mar- 
riage, matrimony ; in plural, 
wives. 

Matthia, ae, m., St. Matthew, 
the Apostle. 

Mauri, orum, m. pi., the 
Moors. 

maxime. adv.. in the highest 
degree, most of all, especially, 
exceedingly, very. 

Medi, orum, m. pi., theMedes. 

medicus, I, m.. physician, doc- 
tor, surgeon. 

medius, a, um, in the middle, 
middle, centre. 

Megalensis, e, adj., Megalen- 



MELICERTES 



30 



MISERABILIS 



Melicertes (or Melicerta), 
ae, m., Melicertes, a son of 
Ino. 

melior, ius, comp. adj., bet- 
ter. 

Melito, orris, m., bishop of 
Sardis. 

melius, comp. adv., better. 

membrum, I, n., a limb, apart 
of the body, shape of the body. 

meminl, isse, to remember, re- 
call, recollect. 

memoria, ae, f., memory, rec- 
ollection. 

Menander, dri, m.,Menander, 
a Greek comic poet. 

mendax, acis, m., a liar. 

mens, mentis, f., the mind, 
the disposition, the soul. 

mensis, is, m., a month. 

mentior, m, Itus sum, dep., 
to deceive, speak falsely. 

merces, edis, f., pay, wages, 
salary. 

meretrix, icis, f., a prostitute, 
a harlot, a courtesan. 

meritum, i, n., a reward, a 

gift- 

meritus, a, um, deserved, due, 

fit, right. 
Messiae, arum, f. pi., the 

Messiae, deities presiding 

over the harvest. 
messis, is, f., harvest, reaping 

time. 
meta, ae, t, a goal, an end. 
metallum, 1, n., a metal. 



Methodius, 1, m., Methodius, 

author of the " Symposium." 
meticulosus, a, um, fearful, 

frightful, terrible. 
metrum, I, n., a metre, a 

measure. 
metus, us, m., fear, dread, 

anxiety. 
miles, itis, m., a soldier. 
militia, ae, f., military service, 

warfare, war. 
milito, are, avi, atum, to be a 

soldier, perform military ser- 
vice, to fight. 
mille, pi. milia, card, num., a 

thousand. 
Miltiades, is, m., Miltiades, a 

Christian writer of the reign 

of Commodus. 
ministerium, i, n., the ofilce of 

a ministry, service, ministry. 
minor, us (coinpar. of par- 
vus), less, smaller, younger. 
Minutius, I, m., Minutius 

Felix. 
mlrabilis, e, adj., wonderful, 

marvellous, strange. 
miraculum, I, n., a miracle, a 

wonder, a marvel. 
minis, a, um, adj., admirable, 

wonderful. 
misceo, ere, miscui, mixtus, 

to mix, mingle, blend. 
miser, era, erum, wretched, 

u nfortunate, miserable. 
miserabilis, e, adj., pitiable, 

deplorable, wretched. 



MISERICOKDIA 



31 



XAKKATIO 



misericordia, ae, f . , pity., com- 
passion, mercy. 

mitesco, ere, to grow ripe, 
become soft, gentle, calm. 

mitt 6, ere, misi, missum, 
to let go, send, despatch; 
yield, furnish, export. 

modice, adv., meanly, mod- 
erately, modestly. 

modicus, a, um, moderate, 
small, little. 

modo, adv., but only, merely, 
solely. 

modus, I, m., measure, man- 
ner. 

moenia, um, n. pi., icalls, 
towns, ramparts. 

moereo, ere, to be sad or 
mournful, to mourn, grieve, 
lament. 

Moesia, ae, f., Moesia, a 
country near Thrace. 

monitum, i, n., admonition, 
advice, warning. 

monumentum, I, n., a monu- 
ment, memorial. 

mordeo, ere, momordi, mor- 
sum, to bite, attack, as- 
sail. 

moriens, entis. part., dying. 

morior, rnori, mortuus sum, 
dep., to die, perish, decay, 
pass away. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

mortuus, a, um, dead ; m. 
as subst., a dead man or 
person. 



mos, moris. in., manner, cus- 
tom, conduct. 

Moses or Moyses, is, m., 
Moses. 

moveo, ere, movi, motum, 
to move, stir up, set in motion, 
arouse, excite. 

moz, adv., soon, presently, by 
and by. 

mucro, onis, in., a sharp point, 
a blade, a sivord. 

mulier, eris, f . , woman. 

multitudo, inis, f. , a multi- 
tude, a crowd. 

multo, adv., much, by much, 
by far, a great deal. 

multus, a, um, much, many. 

municipals, e, adj., muni- 
cipal. 

murus, I, m., a ivall. 

muto, are, avi, atum, to 
move, alter, change. 

mutuor, ari, dep., to borrow, 
take. 

mutuus, a. um, borrowed, 
lent; reciprocal, mutual. 

Myrtia. ae, f., Jlyrtia, an epi- 
thet of Venus. 

mysterium, l, n. , a mystery, a 
secret thing, a divine mystery. 

N 
nam, causal or explanatory 

conj., for, for example, thus, 

inasmuch as. 
narratio, onis, f., a narration, 

a narrative. 



NARRO 



32 



NOSCO 



narro, are, to tell, narrate, 
relate ; to say, affirm, assert. 

nascor, I, natus sum, dep., 
to be bom, be begotten. 

natalis, is, m., a birthday. 

natio, onis, f., a nation, a 
people. 

natura, ae, f., nature, natu- 
ral disposition, inclination, 
habit. 

navigo, are, to sail, set sail, 
navigate. 

ne, conj., enclitic, as an in- 
terrogative particle, not, that 
not, lest. 

nee, adj. and conj., and not, 
also not, nor. 

necessarius, a, um, neces- 
sary, unavoidable, indispen- 
sable. 

necessitas, atis, f., necessity, 
fate, destiny. 

neco, are, to kill, slay, put to 
death, destroy. 

nefarius, a, um, impious, 
abominable, heinous. 

nego, are, to say no, deny, 
refuse. 

negotium, 1, n., ivork, occupa- 
tion, affair, business. 

nemo, inis, ra. or f., no one, 
nobody. 

Neptunalis, e, adj., Neptuna- 
lian, pertaining to Neptune. 

Neptunus, 1, m., Neptune, a 
god of the sea, brother of 
Jupiter. 



neque, adv. and conj., and not; 
neque . . . neque, neither 
. . . nor. 

Nero, onis, m., Nero, a Roman 
surname." 

Neronianus, a, um, Neronian, 
tyrannical. 

nescio, ire, ivi, not to know, 
be ignorant of, be ignorant. 

nihil, n., indecl., nothing. 

nimium, adv., too much, too, 
very. 

nisi, conj., if not, unless, ex- 
cept. 

nobilis, e, adj., icell known, 
noted, renowned, distin- 
guished. 

nocens, entis, part., injurious, 
bad, wicked; m. as subst., a 
guilty man, a criminal. 

nomen, inis, n., a name. 

non, negative adv., not, no. 

Nonae, arum, f. pi., the nones, 
the ninth day before the ides 
of a month. 

nondum, adv., not yet. 

nonne, interrog. adv., (1) in 
direct question, not (expects 
affirmative answer) ; (2) in 
indirect question, if not, 
whether not. 

nonnullus, a. um, some, 
several. 

nos. nostrum, pi. of ego, we, 
us. 

nosco, ere, n5vi, notum, to 
learn, Jind out, know. 



NOSTER 



33 



OCCIDEXS 



noster, nostra, nostrum, 

pron. adj., our, our own, 

OU7'S. 

noto, are, to mark, to dis- 
tinguish by a mark, to 
stamp. 

notus, a, um, known, well- 
known, famous. 

novus, a, um, new, young, 
fresh, recent, unprecedented. 

nubes, is, f., a cloud, a cloud 
of dust. 

nubilum, 1, n., a cloud, cloudy 
sky, cloudy weather. 

nudus, a, um, naked, bare, 
uncovered, exposed. 

nullus, a, um, no, not any, 
none. 

num (or numquid), adv., in- 
terrog. part, used when a 
negative answer is expected. 
In indirect question, whether. 

Numa, ae, m., Numa, a 
Roman proper name. 

numen, inis, n. , divine will, a 
divinity, a god, a goddess, a 
deity. 

Numenius, I, in., Numenius, 
a neo-platonic and Pytha- 
gorean philosopher. 

numero, are, to count, reckon, 
number. 

numerus, I, m., a number, a 
quantity. 

nummus or numus, 1, m., a 
coin, piece of money, money. 

numquid, see num. 



nunc, adv., noiv, at present, at 

this time. 
nunquam, adv., at no time, 

never. 
nuper, adv., lately, recently, 

not long ago. 
nuptiae, arum, f. pi., nuptials, 

marriage, wedding. 
nusquam, adv., nowhere, in 

no place. 
nutrlx, icis, 1, a nurse, a 

guardian. 



O, interj., expressing surprise 
or emotion, ! oh ! 

ob, prep, with ace, on account 
of, for, with regard to ; there- 
fore, because, 

obeliscus, I, m., an obelisk. 

obliviscor, I, litus sum, dep., 
to forget. 

obscurus. a, um, dark, shady, 
unintelligible. 

obsecro, are, to beseech, en- 
treat, implore. 

obsideo, ere, sedl, sessum, 
to sit, remain; besiege, in- 
vest, blockade. 

obtineo, ere. tinui, tentum. 
to obtain, possess, have, hold. 

obvenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
to come, to join ; to happen to. 

occidens, entis (part, of 
occido), adj., falling, going 
down ; as subst., the icest, the 
place where the sun goes down. 



OCCIDO 



34 



OVUM 



occido, ere, cidi, clsum, to 

strike down, kill, slay, to 
torture. 

Octavius, I, m., Octavius, an 
apologistic dialogue. 

octo, card, num., eight. 

oculus, 1, m., the eye. 

odi, odisse (used only in the 
perfect tenses, but with an 
imperfect signification), to 
hate, to dislike. 

odiosus, a, um, odious, hate- 
ful, annoying. 

Oeta, ae, f., the mountain 
range between Thessaly and 
Aetolia. 

offer o, ferre, obtuli, obla- 
tum, to bring before, present, 
offer. 

officium, l, n., service, duty, 
office. 

olim, adv., formally, once upon 
a time, once. 

omitto, ere, mlsi, missum, 
to let go, let loose, let fall, 
neglect. 

omnino, adv., altogether, 
toholly, entirely. 

omnis, e, adj., all, every. 

onerosus, a, um, burdensome, 
oppressive. 

onus, eris, n., a load, a bur- 
den, a loeight. 

opinio, orris, f., opinion, sup- 
position, belief. 

oportet, ere, oportuit, impers., 
it is necessary, proper, right. 



optatus, a, um, wished, de- 
sired, pleasing. 

opto, are, to wish, ivish for, 
desire. 

opus, eris, n., ivork, labor, 
toil. 

opusculum, I, n. (dim.), a 
little work; treatise, pam- 
phlet. 

oratio, onis, f., a speech, a 
prayer, supplication. 

orator, oris, f., m., a speaker, 
an orator. 

orbis, is, m., surface, or- 
bit, circle, the earth, the 
world. 

oriens, entis (part, of orior), 
adj., rising; m. as subst., 
the orient, the east. 

Origen, irris, m., Origen. 

origo, irris, f., origin, birth, 
source, beginning. 

orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep., to 
rise, become visible. 

ornamentum, I. n.. an equip- 
ment, an ornament, a decora- 
tion. 

6s, oris, n., the mouth, lip, 
tongue. 

ostendo, ere. di, turn, to 
show, set forth, exhibit, dis- 
play. 

ostentus, us. m., a display, a 
sight, a spectacle. 

otium, I, n., ease, leisure, in- 
activity, idleness. 

ovum, I, n.j an egg. 



PABULUM 



35 



PECCO 



pabulum, 1, n., food, fodder, 

nourishment. 
pactum, I, n., an agreement, 

contract, treaty, compact. 
pactus, a, um, agreeable, 

agreed upon, contracted. 
Pallor, oris, in., Pallor or 

Paleness, the god of Fear. 
Pamphilus, I, m., Pamphilus, 

founder of the famous library 

at Caesarea. 
pando, ere, pandl, passum, 

to spread out, extend; to 

unfold. 
Pantaenus, I, m, Pantaenus, a 

Stoic philosopher, converted 

to Christianity. 
parabola, ae, f., an allegory, 

a parable. 
paratus, a, um, part, adj., pre- 
pared, ready, fitted. 
parens, entis, m. or f., a 

parent, a father, a mother. 
parents, are, to pay funeral 

honors, to offer solemn sac- 
rifice in honor of deceased 

relatives. 
pareo, ere, ui, to appear, be 

visible, come forth. 
paries, etis, m., a wall (of 

plaster), hence also, plaster. 
pario, ere, peperi, partum or 

paritum, to bring forth, bear, 

give birth to. 
pariter, adv., equally, in the 



middle, midvjay, in an equal 
degree. 

parricida. ae, m., a parricide, 
a murderer of a near kins- 
man. 

pars, partis, f., side, part, 
piece, portion. 

Parthicus, a, um. Parthian. 

parturio, ire, Ivi, to be in la- 
bor ; to bring forth, produce. 

partus, us, m., a bearing, a 
bringing forth, a birth. 

parum, adv., too little, not 
enough, not sufficient. 

pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, to 
feed, pasture, tend; drive to 
pasture. 

pater, tris, m., father, sire. 

patior, pati, passus sum, 
dep., to suffer, bear, allow, 
permit. 

paucus, a, um./ew, little, brief. 

paulus, a, um, little, small; 
abl. sing, with comparatives, 
by a little, a little, somewhat. 

Paulus, 1, m., Paul or Paulus, 
a Roman surname. 

pavidus, a, um, alarmed, 
frightened, terrified. 

Pavor. oris, m., Pavor, Fear, 
the god of Fear. 

pax, pacis, f., peace, tran- 
quillity. 

peccatum, I, n., a fault, an 
error, a transgression, sin. 

pecco, are, to sin, mistake, 
err, go wrong. 



PECUS 



36 



PERSUADEO 



pecus, pecoris, n., a herd, a 
flock; cattle. 

pecus, udis, f., a single head 
of cattle, a beast, a brute, an 
animal. 

pedagogus (paedagogus), I, 
m., a teacher, a tutor; the 
Pedagogue of Clement of 
Alexandria. 

peiero (periuro), are, to per- 
jure one's self, to swear 
falsely, to lie. 

pellis, is, f., the skin, a hide. 

Penates, ium, m., the Penates, 
the household gods ; a dwell- 
ing, a hearth. 

pendeo, ere, pependi, to hang, 
hang down, be suspended. 

penes, prep, with ace, with, 
among, in the presence of, in 
the hands of. 

penetro, are, to put, place 
or set into; to make one's 
way into, to penetrate, en- 
ter. 

penitus, adv., inwardly, inter- 
nally ; completely, wholly, 
entirely. 

penulatus (paenulatus) , a, 
urn, wearing a penula, 
gowned, in travelling dress. 

per, prep, with ace., through, 
for, by, during, in. 

percutio, ere, cussi, cussum, 
to strike, hit, pierce, stamp. 

perdisco, ere, didici, to learn 
thoroughly, get by heart. 



perditus, a, um, part., hope- 
less, ruined, lost, abandoned. 

perdo, ere, didi, ditum, to 
root out, do away with, ruin, 
destroy ; lose irrecoverably. 

peregrinus, a, um, strange, 
foreign. 

perficio, ere, feci, fectum, to 
finish, perform, accomplish, 
perfect. 

perfidia, ae, f., unbelief, dis- 
honesty, treachery, perfidy. 

perfodio, ere, fodi, fossum, 
to dig, pierce or thrust 
through, transfix. 

periclitor, ari, atus sum, dep., 
to endanger, risk, to be ex- 
posed to. 

periculum, I, n., danger, risk, 
peril. 

peritus, a, um, skilled, prac- 
tised, experienced. 

Persae, arum, m., the Per- 
sians. 

persecutio, onis, f., a pursuit, 
persecution. 

persecutor, oris, m., a perse- 
cutor (of the Christians). 

persequor, qui, secutus sum, 
dep. , to follow, pursue, perse- 
cute. 

perstringo, ere, nxi, nctum, 
to bind or tie tightly; to 
blind, dazzle; to blame, cen- 
sure ; to touch slightly. 

persuadeo, ere, suasT, sua- 
sum, to convince, persuade. 



PERTIMESCO 



37 



POEXITEO 



pertimesco, ere. mui, to be- 
come very much frightened, 
to fear greatly, shrink from. 

pertineo, ere, ui, to belong to, 
be related to, to pertain to. 

pervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, 
to come to, arrive, reach,' 
to appertain to. 

pervicacia, ae, f., stubborn- 
ness, obstinacy, perversity. 

pes, pedis, m., afoot. 

pessimus, a, um (super, of 
malus) , worst, very bad, very 
evil, most icicked. 

pestifer (rarely pestiferus), 
era, erum, pestilential, de- 
structive, deadly. 

pet 6, ere, Ivi or ii, itum, to 
seek, obtain, derive, beg. 

Petrus, 1, m., Peter. 

phaleratus, a, um. decorated, 
ornamented, glittering. 

Fhilo, orris, m., Philo. 

philosophia, ae, f., philos- 
ophy. 

philosophus, I, in., a philoso- 
pher, logician. 

Picus, I, m., Picus, a son of 
Saturn. 

Pierius, I, m., Pierius. 

pietas, atis, f., piety, duty, 
affection, love. 

piger, gra, grum, sloiv, indo- 
lent, lazy, sluggish. 

Pflumnus, I, m., Pilumnus, a 
god of the Latins. 

pilus, I, m., a hair. 



pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, to 

paint, represent. 

Piso, onis, in., Piso. 

pius, a, um, pious, honest. 

Pius, I, in., Pius. 

placeo, ere, ui, citum, to 
please, to satisfy. 

placidus, a, um, still, calm, 
peaceful, placid. 

placitus, a, um, pleasing, 
agreeable. 

placo, are, to appease, to 
reconcile. 

plaga, ae. f. , a blow, punish- 
ment, wound, a plague. 

plane, adv., clearly, plainly, 
distinctly. 

platea. ae, f., a street, a broad 
way. 

Plato, orris, m., Plato, a cele- 
brated Athenian philoso- 
pher. 

plaustrum, l, n., a icagon, a 
carriage. 

plenus, a, um, full, filled up, 
abundant, rich. 

plurimus. a, um, most, very 
many. 

plus, pluris (comp. of mul- 
tus), more, a greater part. 

poena, ae, f., penalty, punish- 
ment, torment, pain. 

poenalis, e, adj., painful, op- 
pressive, burdensome. 

poenite5, ere. ui, to cause to 
repent, to displease, to be 
sorry, to repent ; used imper- 



POENITUDO 



38 



POTIUS 



sonally, to cause sorrow, re- 
morse, repentance ; with dat., 
I repent, mourn. 

poenitudo, inis, f., penance, 
punishment, satisfaction. 

Foenus, a, um, Punic, Cartha- 
ginian; m. as subst., a Car- 
thaginian. 

poeta, ae, m., a maker, a poet. 

poeticus, a, um, poetical, 
poetic. 

pollens, entis, part, adj., 
strong, able, powerful, re- 
nowned. 

polliceor, eri, icitus sum, 
dep., to proffer, promise, 
pledge. 

polluo, ere, ui, utum, to soil, 
defile, pollute. 

pompa, ae, t, parade, displaij, 
pomp. 

pompatus, a, um, pompous, 
ostentatious. 

Pompilius, I, m., Pompilius. 

pono, ere, posui, positum, 
to put, place, set ; to use ; to 
set forth, explain, relate. 

pontifex, icis, m., a pontiff, 
high priest, bishop. 

populus, 1, m., a people, the 
people. 

Porphyrius, I, m., Porphyry, 
a neoplatonist writer. 

porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, 
to spread out, to extend. 

portentum, I, a monster, a 
demon, an omen. 



posco, ere, poposci, to de- 
mand, beg, request, desire. 
possideo, ere, sedi, sessum, 

to have, possess, occupy. 

possum, posse, potui, can, 
to be able. 

post, adv., and prep, with ace, 
afterwards ; after, behind. 

postea, adv., after this, after 
that, afterwards. 

posteritas, atis, f., posterity, 
futurity, future time. 

posterus, a, um, coming, fol- 
lowing, future ; m. plural as 
subst. , posterity, descendants. 

postmodum, adv., aftervmrds, 
presently, shortly, subse- 
quently. 

postquam, conj., after that, as 
soon, as when. 

potens, entis, part, adj., able, 
mighty, powerful; in. as 
subst., a god, a ruler. 

potentia, ae, f., might, force, 
power, ability. 

potest as, atis, f., power, force, 
ability, authority. 

Pothinus, i, in., Pothinus, a 
martyred bishop of Lyons in 
the time of Marcus Aurelius. 

potior, ius, comp. adj., more 
powerful, hotter, preferable, 

potissime or potissimum, 
adv. sup., chiefly, principally, 
above all, most of all. 

potius, adv., rather, prefer- 
ably, more. 



PRAEBEO 



39 



PRIXCIPATUS 



praebeo, ere, ui, itum, to 

present, offer ; permit, allow. 

praecedo, ere. cessi. cessum, 
to precede, go before. 

praeceps, cipitis, adj., swift, 
headlong, hasty, headstrong. 

praeceptum, I, n., a rule, a 
precept, command. 

praecipito, are, to precipi- 
tate, to throw down, to hurl 
down. 

praecursor, oris, m., a fore- 
runner, a precursor. 

praedicatio, onis, f., a public 
proclamation, publication, 
preaching. 

praedico, are, avi, atum, to 
preach, publish, proclaim. 

praefectus, 1, m., prefect, over- 
seer ; director, commander. 

praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, 
to carry before, show, dis- 
play. 

praemium, I, n., reward, profit, 
gain, advantage. 

praepono, ere, posul, posi- 
tum, to put or set before, to 
place first, prefer. 

praescriptio, onis, 1, precept, 
order, lavj, proscription. 

praesideo, ere, sedi, to pre- 
side over, to direct, to com- 
mand. 

praestigium, I, n., a trick, a 
delusion, an illusion. 

praesul, ulis, in., prefect, 
guard, protector. 



praeterea, adv., besides, more- 
over, henceforth. 

praeteritus, a, um, gone by, 
past, departed; n. plural as 
subst., things past or gone 
by, the past. 

praevenio. ire, veni, ventum, 
to anticipate, come before ; go 
before, prevent. 

praevius, a, um, going before, 
leading the way, previous, 
beforehand. 

pravus, a, um, crooked, dis- 
torted, wrong, mistaken. 

presbyter, eri, m. , a presby- 
ter, a priest. 

pretiosus, a, um, costly, valu- 
able, precious. 

pretium, I, n., price, worth, 
value; wages, reward. 

prex, ecis, f., a prayer, re- 
quest, entreaty. 

prima, orum, n. pi., the begin- 
ning, the first part. 

primordium, I, n., beginning, 
origin, commencement. 

primus, a, um, first, fore- 
most. 

princeps, ipis, m., emperor, 
prince, ruler, leader. 

principalis, e, adj., principal, 
first; princely, imperial. 

principaliter, adv., princi- 
pally, chiefly. 

principatus, us, m., the first 
place, preference, preemi- 
nence. 



PRINCIPIUM 



40 



PROPRIE 



prlncipium, 1, n., beginning, 
commencement, origin. 

prior, prius, oris, compar. 
adj., former, previous, prior. 

pristinus, a, urn, former, early, 
primitive. 

privatus, a, um, private, pri- 
vate citizen. 

pro, prep, with abl., before; in 
proportion to ; according to ; 
in behalf of, for. 

probo, are, to try, test, judge 
of; to approve, consent to; 
to prove, show, demonstrate. 

probus, a, um, upright, vir- 
tuous, honorable. 

procedo, ere, cessi, to pro- 
ceed, go forward ; to advance, 
to extend; to happen. 

procella, ae, f., a violent 
wind, hurricane, whirlwind. 

procul, adv., at a distance, a 
great way off, far away, re- 
mote. 

Proculus, I, m., Proculus, a 
Roman surname. 

proditor, oris, m. , a betrayer, 
a traitor. 

prodo, ere, didl, ditum, to 
put or bring out, show, ex- 
hibit; to betray, reveal, pub- 
lish, report. 

proelium, I, n., a battle, a 
combat. 

profero, ferre, tuli, latum, to 
bring or carry out, bring 
forth, bring forward. 



proficio, ere, feci, fectum, 

to finish, perform, accom- 
plish, perfect. 

profligatus, a, um, overcome, 
oppressed, destroyed. 

profugus, a, um, fugitive, 
wandering, exile; m. as 
subst., an exile, a fugitive. 

profundo, ere, fudi, fusum, 
to pour forth; pour out; 
speak, utter. 

proinde, adv., just so, in like 
manner; hence, therefore, 
for the same reason. 

promiscue, adv., in common, 
commonly, generally, indis- 
criminately. 

promitto, ere, mlsi, missum, 
to let go forward, to send 
forward; to assure, promise, 
vow; to neglect. 

pronuntio, are, to proclaim, 
announce. 

propheta, ae, m., one who pre- 
dicts, a prophet. 

propino, are, to drink to 
a person's health; to give, 
deliver. 

propono, ere, posui, posi- 
tum, to put or place before, 
to set before, to propose, offer. 

propositio, oiiis, f., a propos- 
ing, intention, a proposition. 

propositum, 1, n., a plan, a 
design. 

proprie, adv., properly, espe- 
cially. 



PROPRIUS 



41 



QUAERO 



proprius, a, woo., proper, pecul- 
iar to a person, one's own, 
own. 

propterea, adv. , therefore, for 
that reason, on that account. 

prorsus, adv., forward, far 
ahead, straight on, straight- 
way, far. 

prosa, ae, L, prose. 

proscribo, ere, scrips!, scrip- 
turn, to publish in writing, 
to announce publicly; to 
proscribe, to outlaw. 

prosilio, ire, ui (less freq. ivi, 
or ii), to spring forth, burst 
forth, start out. 

prosperitas, atis, f., good for- 
tune, success, prosperity. 

prostituo, ere, ui, utum, to 
place before or in front, to 
expose. 

prosum, prodesse, proml, to 
be of use, to be useful to, to 
do good, benefit, profit. 

protinus, adv., directly, imme- 
diately, at once. 

provectus, a, um, part, adj., 
advanced, raised, elevated. 

provenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
to come forth, appear, happen. 

proverbium, I, n., an adage, 
a proverb. 

provides, ere, vidi, visum, 
to look out for, provide for, 
look after, care for. 

providus, a, um, foreseeing, 
cautious, prudent. 



provincia, ae, f., a province, 
a command. 

prudentia, ae, f., forethought, 
prudence, judgment. 

publice, adv., publicly, com- 
monly, [mon. 

publicus, a, um, public, com- 

pudendus, a, um, shameful, 
disgraceful, abominable. 

pudeo, ere, ui, or puditum 
est, to make or be ashamed; 
impers. with dat., it causes 
shame to, lam ashamed. 

pudor, oris, m., shame, dis- 
grace, ignominy. 

puer, eri, m., a boy. 

puerulus, i, ra., a little boy, a 
little slave. 

pugno, are, to fight, contend, 
struggle. 

pulchritudo, inis, f., beauty, 
excellence. 

pullus, I, in. (a young animal), 
a chicken, a sacred chicken. 

pulvis, eris, m., dust, sand, 
earth. 

putidus, a, um, rotting, de- 
caying, foul, disgusting. 

puto, are, to think, consider, 
believe. 



quadraginta, ae, a, ord. num., 

forty. 
quaero, ere, sivi, situm, to 

seek, search for ; to get, ob- 
tain ; to ask, beg, inquire. 



QUAESTO 



42 



RAPIO 



quaesto, ere, to beg, ask, 

pray, beseech. 
quaestus, us, m., a search, 

gain, profit, contribution; 

an advantage. 
qualis, e, adj.,pron. correl. to 

talis, of what sort, kind, or 

nature. 
qualiscumque, qualecum- 

que, adj., of whatsoever 

quality, kind, or sort. 
qualitas, atis, f., quality, 

property, state, condition. 
quam, adv. of comparison, 

than, as. 
quamquam (or quanquam), 

conj., though, although, yet. 
quamvis, adv. and conj., ever 

so much, although. 
quamdiu, adv., as long as, 

until; interrog., how long? 
quando, (1) adv., at what time, 

when, whenever; (2) conj., 

since, because. 
quanquam, see quamquam. 
quantus, a, um, adj., what, 

how great, how much; with 

correl. as tantus, as, such as. 
quasi, adv., as if, just as if. 
quatenus, adv., how far, to 

ivhat extent, how, 
quatuor, card. num. , four. 
quemadmodum, (1) interrog. 

adv., how, in what manner? 

(2) rel. adv., as, just as. 
querela, ae, f., a complaining, 

a complaint. 



questus, us, m., a complaint. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. and inter- 
rog. pron., who, which, what. 

quia, conj., because. 

quidam, quaedam, quod- 
dam, indef. pron., certain, 
a certain one, somebody. 

quidem, adv., indeed, cer- 
tainly, in truth. 

Quintilianus, i, m.,Quintilian. 

Quirmalis, e, adj., of Bomu- 
lus. 

quis, quae, quid, pron. , inter- 
rog., who? ivhich? what? 
indef., any one, anything. 

quivis, quaevis, quodvis and 
quidvis, indef. pron., who 
or what you please, any 
whatever, any, every. 

quo, adv., whither, to what 
place, why. 

quod, conj., that, because. 

quomodo, adv., in ichat man- 
ner, in what way, how. 

quoque, conj., also, too. 

quot, indecl, adj., how many, 
all, every. 

quotidie, adv., daily, every day. 

quousque, adv., until what 
time, till when, how long. 

quum (also cum), when. 



rabidus, a, um, rabid, mad, 

savage. 
rapio, ere, pui. ptum, to cerry 

off, steal, rob. 



RAPTUS 



43 



REPENTE 



raptus, us, m., a carrying off 
by force, rape, abduction. 

ratio, orris, i., reasoning, prin- 
ciple, manner, method. 

reatus, us, m., guilt, impeach- 
ment; conviction. 

recedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 
to go back, retire, recede, fall 
back, fall away. 

recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
to take back, receive again, 
recover. 

recognosco, ere, gnovi, gni- 
tum, to recollect, observe, 
recognize. 

recordatio, orris, f., a recall- 
ing to mind, a recollection, a 
remembrance. 

recordor, ari, dep., to think 
over, to remember, to recol- 
lect. 

reddo, ere, didi, ditum, to 
put back, give back, return. 

redeo, ire, il, itum, to go 
back, return, recur. 

refero, ferre, rettuli, rela- 
tum, to carry, bring, draw, 
or put back; hence, to reply, 
answer, ask, petition. 

refulgeo, ere, si, to shine forth, 
glitter, reflect. 

regalis, e, adj., kingly, royal, 
regal. 

regimen, inis, n., a rudder ; a 
guiding, a government. 

regno, are, avi, atum, to rule, 
reign, hold sway. 



regnum, I, n., a kingdom. 
rego, ere, rexi, rectum, to 

guide, govern, to rule. 

Regulus, i, m., Regulus. 

relatio, orris, f., (1) a motion, 
a proposal, a report ; (2) (St. 
Ambrose) the Memorial of 
Symmachus. 

religio, onis, f., religion, pi- 
ety, religious obligation, re- 
ligious custom, solemnity. 

relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, 
to leave behind, leave, move 
away from. 

reliquiae, arum, f. pi., the re- 
mainder, leavings, remnants, 
fragments. 

reliquus, a, um, rest, remain- 
ing. 

removed, ere, movi, motum, 
to move or draw back ; to re- 
pulse ; to remove, take away. 

renitor, niti, dep., to with- 
stand, oppose, resist. 

renuntiatio, onis, 1, renounce- 
ment, declaration. 

reniintio, are, to retract, re- 
voke, renounce. 

reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to 
think, suppose, imagine. 

repello, ere, reppuli, repul- 
sum, to drive or push back, 
to reject, repel. 

repens, entis, adj., sudden, 
hasty, unexpected. 

repente, adv., suddenly, un- 
expectedly. 



REPERIO 



44 



ROMULUS 



reperio, ire, repperi (reperl), 
repertum, to find, discover, 
ascertain. 

repetS, ere, ivi, Itum, to go 

back, recall, to seek again. 

repleS, ere, evi, etum, to fill 
again, fill up, replenish. 

reporto, are, avi, atum, to 
carry or bring back, to re- 
turn ; to rumor, report. 

reposco, ere, to demand back, 
ask for again. 

reprehensiS, Snis, f., repri- 
mand, censure, condemna- 
tion. 

requirS, ere, sivi, situm, to 
seek again, look after, ask for. 

res, rei, f., a thing, matter, an 
object, a being. 

resarciS, ire, sartum, to patch, 
to interweave, to restore. 

rescindo, ere, scidl, scissum, 
to break down ; to annul, 
abrogate, repeal, rescind. 

reservS, are, avi, atum, to 
reserve, keep, preserve. 

respergS, ere, si, sum, to 
sprinkle over, to wet. 

respicio, ere, exi, ctum, to 
look at, look back at, con- 
sider. 

responded, ere, di, sum, to 
promise, answer, reply, re- 
spond. 

responsum, I, n., an answer, 
a reply, a response. 

restituo, ere, ui, utum, to set 



up again, restore, reestab- 
lish. 

restringo, ere, ctum. to bind 
fast, bind to, restrain. 

resulto, are, atum, to spring 
back, rebound; to resound, 
reecho. 

resurgS, ere, surrexi, surrec- 
tum, to raise one's self, to 
rise ; to appear again. 

resurrectiS, onis. f.. a raising 
one's self, a getting up; a 
resurrection. 

retracto, are, avi, atum, to 
reconsider, discuss again, re- 
vise. 

reverentia, ae, f., respect, re- 
gard, reverence. 

revocS, are, avi, atum, to 
call back, recall. 

rex, regis, m., a king. 

rhetor, oris, in., a teacher of 
oratory or of rhetoric, a rhet- 
orician. 

rideo, ere, risi, risum, to 
laugh, laugh at. ridicule. 

ritus, us, m., a religious cus- 
tom, ceremony, rite. 

rivulus, i, m., a small brook, a 
rivulet. 

RSblgS, inis. m., Rubigo. 

rogS, are. avi, atum, to ques- 
tion, ask, interrogate. 

Roma, ae. f.. Borne. 

RSmanus. a, um, Roman; m. 
as subst., a Roman. 

RSmulus, 1, m., Romulus. 



RUFINUS 



45 



SCELERATUS 



Rufinus, i, m., Rufinus. 
ruina, ae, f., a tumbling down, 

a fall, a ruin. 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, to 

burst, tear, break. 
riipes, is, f., a rock, a stone. 
ruptus, a, um, broken, vio- 
lated, ruptured. 
rursus, or rursum, adv., 

again, anew, back again. 
rusticitas, atis, f., country 

manners, rustic behavior, 

rudeness. 
rusticus, a, um, rustic, rural ; 

m. as subst., a countryman, 

a peasant, farmer. 



Sablnus, a, um, Sabine; as 
subst., a Sabine. 

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., 
holy, sacred. 

sacerdos, oris, m. , a priest, a 
priestess. 

sacerdotium, I, n., the priest- 
hood. 

sacrificator, oris, a sacrifi- 
ce^ a worshipper. 

sacrificium, I, n., a sacrifice. 

sacrifico, are, avi, atum, to 
offer sacrifice, to sacrifice. 

sacrilegium, 1, n., a sacrilege. 

sacrilegus, a, um, sacrile- 
gious. 

sacrum, I, n., a holy or sacred 
thing, a religious act or 
rite. 



saevus, a, um, fierce, cruel, 
barbarous. 

salarium, I, n., pension, sal- 
ary, stipend. 

Sallustius, I, m., C. Sallustius 
Crispus, a celebrated Roman 
historian. 

Salomon, onis, m., Solomon. 

salubris, e, adj., healthful, sa- 
lubrious, salutary. 

salus, utis, f., salvation, deliv- 
erance, safety. 

Salvator, oris, in., the Saviour. 

Samius, a, um, Samian. 

Samothraces, ium, m. pi., the 
inhabitants of Samothrace. 

sanctus, a, um, pure, holy, 
sacred. 

sanguis, inis, m., blood. 

sapiens, entis, part, adj., wise, 
sensible, well advised; as a 
subst., a wise or sensible man. 

sapientia, ae, f., wisdom, dis- 
cretion, prudence. 

Sapores, is, m., Sapores, a 
king of the Persians. 

Sardensis, e, adj., Sa7'dis, 
Sardian. 

Satanas, ae, m., Satan, an 
adversary, the Devil. 

satis, indecl. adj., enough, suf- 
ficient, satisfactory. 

Saturnus, I, in., Saturn, the 
god of civilization. 

saxum, I, n., a rock, a stone. 

sceleratus, I, m., a profligate, 
a bad or wicked person. 



SCELUS 



46 



SEPTEMBER 



scelus, eris, n., crime, a 
wicked deed, wickedness. 

schola, ae, f., a school, a sect. 

scientia, ae, t, knowledge, 
science, skill. 

scilicet, adv. , it is known, it is 
understood; of course. 

scio, ire, ivi, ltum, to learn, 
understand, know. 

scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scrip- 
turn, to write. 

scriptor, oris, m., a writer, a 
scribe, an author. 

scriptum, I, n., a written law, 
an order, an edict. 

scriptura, ae, f . , a writing, an 
inscription. 

scriptus, a, um, part, adj., 
written, composed; drawn. 

Scythopollta, ae, f., Scythop- 
olis. 

secerno, ere, crevi, cretum, 
to separate, hide, conceal. 

secretior, ius, adj., more se- 
cret, more obscure, more con- 
cealed. 

secretum, I, n., a mystery, a 
secret. 

secretus, a, um, separate, 
apart, private, secret. 

secta, ae, f., a school or sect 
of philosophy . 

secularis (saecularis), e, adj., 
pertaining to age, secular. 

seculum, I, n., race, genera- 
tion; hence, world. 

secundum, adv. and prep, with 



ace., after, behind; after, 
according to. 

securus, a, um, secure, safe, 
quiet. 

sed, conj., but. 

sedes, is. 1, a seat, a chair. 

sedo, are, avi, atum, to set- 
tle, appease, check, stop. 

sementatio, onis, f., the sow- 
ing of the seed, a sowing. 

semper, adv., ever, always, at 
all times. 

sempiternus, a, um, everlast- 
ing, perpetual, eternal. 

senarius, I, m., a line, a verse 
of six feet. 

senator, oris, m. , a senator. 

senatus, us, m., the senate, a 
council. 

senectus, utis, f. (used only 
in sing.), old age. 

senesco, ere, ui, to grow old, 
to become aged. 

Senones, um, m. pi., the 
Senones, a very powerful 
and warlike people of Gaul. 

sensus, us, m., the faculty of 
feeling, of perception, a sense. 

sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- 
cision, sentiment. 

sentio, Ire, sensi. sensum, 
to perceive by the senses, to 
see, hear, feel, suffer, etc. , to 
discern. 

septem, card, num., seven. 

September, bris, m., the 
month September. 



SEPULCHRUM 



47 



SORDES 



sepulchrum, I, n., a grave, a 

tomb, a sepulchre. 
sepultura, ae, f., a burial, an 

interment, a sepulture. 
sequor, qui, secutus, dep. , to 

follow, come or go after, suc- 
ceed. 
Serapeum, 1, m., Serapis, an 

Egyptian divinity. 
Serapio, onis, m., Serapion, 

an Egyptian bishop. 
serenus, a, um, clear, bright, 

fair, serene. 
serus, a, um, adj., late, too 

late. 
servitus, utis, f., slavery, serf- 
dom, servitude. 
servo, are, avi, atum, to save, 

preserve, keep, watch. 
servus, I, m. , a servant, slave. 
Sessiae, arum, f . pi. , the Ses- 

siae, deities presiding over 

the sowings. 
severitas, atis, f., severity, 

sternness. 
si, conj., if 

Sibylla, ae, f., the Sibyl. 
sic, adv., in this manner, so, 

thus. 
sicco, are, avi, atum, to make 

dry, dry up, to drain. 
siccus, a, um, dry, insipid. 
sicut, adv., so as, just as, as. 
signified, are, avi, atum, to 

show, point out, indicate ; to 

mean, signify. 
signo, are, avi, atum, to 



mark, mark with a seal, 

stamp, sign, designate. 
signum, i, n., a standard, a 

banner; a mark, token, sign, 

proof ; a miracle. 
simplex, icis, adj., simple, 

honest, open, frank. 
simulacrum, i, n., a likeness, 

an image, a form, statue, 

an idol. 
sine, prep, with abl. , without. 
singularis, e, adj., single, 

singular ; extraordinary. 
sive, conj.. or if ; sive . . . 

sive, whether . . . or. 
sobrius, a, um, sober, mod- 
erate, temperate, prudent. 
socer, eri, m., a father-in-law ; 

pi., parents-in-law. 
sol, solis, m., the sun. 
solatium (solacium), 1, n., 

consolation, comfort, relief. 
solemnis (soil-), e, adj., estab- 

lished; solemn, religious, 

festive. 
solemnitas (soil-), atis, f., a 

solemnity, a festival, a cele- 
bration day. 
soleo, ere, solitus sum, to 

be wont, be accustomed to. 
sSlus, a, um, alone, only. 
somnium, 1, n., a dream, a 

fancy. 
sono, are, ui, itum, to speak, 

utter, call, cry out. 
sordes, is, f., dirt, filth, nasti- 

ness, foulness. 



SORDIDE 



48 



SUBJECTUS 



sordide, adv., meanly, poorly, 

basely. 
sors, sortis, f., a lot, chance, 

luck. 
spatium, 1, n., a room, a 

space. 
species, ei, 1, sight, seeing, 

appearance, look, view ; sort, 

quality, species. 
spectaculum, 1, n., a public 

show, a sight, a spectacle. 
spectator, oris, m., a spec- 
tator, an onlooker. 
specto, are, avi, atum, to 

look, gaze at, watch, observe. 
spes, spei, f., hope, an object 

of hope. 
spiritus, us, m., a spirit, a 

soul, a mind. 
splendens, entis, part, adj., 

glittering, shining, bright. 
splendeo, ere, to shine, glitter, 

be bright, sumptuous. 
splendidus, a, um, brilliant, 

gorgeous, sumptuous, showy. 
splendor, oris, m., brightness, 

splendor, brilliance, lustre. 
stabilis, e, adj., firm, steady, 

stable, steadfast. 
stabulum, I, n., a dwelling. 
statim, adv., immediately, at 

once, instantly. 
status, us, m., position, state, 

condition. 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratum. 

to spread out, strew ; to throw 

down, knock down, lay low. 



sto, are, steti, statum, to 

stand, stand firm, remain, 
persevere. 

strepitus, us, m., a noise, 
clattering, crackling. 

stromates, um, f. pi., miscel- 
lanies. 

structor, oris, m., a builder, 
a carpenter. 

stultus, a, um, foolish, silly. 

stylus (stilus), I, in., a style, 
manner, mode. 

suadeo, ere. si, sum, to advise, 
recommend, exhort, urge, 
persuade. 

suavitas, atis, f., sweetness, 
pleasantness, agreeable ness. 

sub, prep, with abl. and ace, 
under, below, beneath. 

subeo, ire, ivi, itum, to come 
or go under, to succeed, come 
tip, spring up; to come to 
mind, to occur. 

subfero (suffero), ferre. sus- 
tuli, sublatum, to carry 
under, take away, to hold 
up, support, sustain; to bear, 
endure, suffer. 

subigo, ere, egi, actum, to 
bring or get under, up or up 
to; to put down, subdue, 
subjugate; to raise, culti- 
vate. 

subjectus, a, um, under, sub- 
ject to, subjected; m. as 
subst., a subject, a depend- 
ent. 



SUBLEVO 



49 



TALIS 



sublevo, are, avi, atum, to 
lift up, raise up, support, 
assist, encourage. 

subsequor, qui, 'secutus, to 
follow, to follow close after. 

subtraho, ere, traxi, trac- 
tum. to draw under, take 
away, carry off, remove. 

succedo, ere, cessl. cessum. 
to succeed, come or go after. 

successor, oris, m., a follower, 
a successor. 

Suetonius, T, m., Suetonius, 
the name of a Roman gens. 

suffragium. 1, n., approval, 
applause, approbation. 

suggestio, onis, f., a sugges- 
tion; suggestion, a figure on 
which a question is asked 
and answered. 

suggestus. us, m., a platform, 
a stage, an outfit. 

sui, sibi, se or sese, reflex, 
pron., himself, herself, itself 
themselves. 

sum, esse, fui, to be. 

summus, a, um. uppermost, 
highest, most important. 

sumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- 
tum, to borrow, take, se- 
lect. 

super, adv. and prep, with 
ace. and abl. (1) adv., above, 
on top ; (2) prep., over, above, 
upon, on. 

superbus, a, um, haughty, 
proud, insolent. 



supercilium, I, n., an eyebrow. 
supero. are. avi, atum, to go 

over, overcome, surpass. 

superstitio. onis, f., supersti- 
tion, unreasonable belief. 

superstitiosus, a, um, super- 
stitious. 

supplicium, l, n.,pain, punish- 
ment, judgment, torture. 

supra, (1) adv., before, for- 
merly ; (2) prep, with ace., 
above, over, beyond. 

surculus, I, m., a little twig, 
a branch. 

surgo, ere. surrexi, to raise, 
elevate ; to ascend, climb. 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
to take up, support, sustain, 
acknowledge. 

suspicio, onis, f. , mistrust, 
distrust, fancy, suspicion. 

sustineo, ere, tinui, tentus, 
to support, to keep up, to 
maintain. 

suus, a, um, poss. adj., his, 
his own. 

Symmachus, I, m., Symma- 
chus, a Roman statesman and 
orator. 



tabula, ae, f., a plank, a board, 

a writing tablet. 
taceo, ere, cui, citum, to be 

silent, say nothing, be still. 
talis, e, adj.. such, of such a 
kind, quality. 



TALPA 



50 



THRACIUS 



talpa, ae, f. (often masculine), 
a mole. 

tam, adv. and dein. particle, 
denoting equality ; employed 
in comparisons with quam, 
atque, ut, qui, or quasi, 
so, so far, equally, to such a 
degree. 

tamen, conj., yet, nevertheless, 
notwithstanding. 

tantus, a, um, such, so great 
measure. Correl. with quan- 
tus, as great . . . as, as 
large . . . as. 

Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian. 

Tarpeius, I, m., Mons Tar- 
peius, a rock on the Capi- 
toline hill, from which crim- 
inals were thrown. 

tartareus, a, um, hellish, in- 
fernal, Tartarean. 

Tatianus, I, m., Tatian. 

Tatius, I, m. , Tatius, a king 
of the Sabines. 

Tauricus, a, um, of Taurus, 
Tauric, Taurian. 

tectum, I, n., a roof, a cover, 
a shelter. 

tegumentum, i, n., a cover- 
ing. 

tempestas, atis, f., time; 
tempest, a storm. 

templum, I, n., a temple, a 
sacred house. 

tempus, oris, n., a time, time, 
a period of time. 

tendo, ere, tetendi, tentum, 



or tensum, to stretch, extend, 

direct. 
teneo, ere, tenui, to hold, 

have, possess. 
tentatio, onis, f., proof, test, 

trial, temptation. 
tento, are, avi, atum, to try, 

attempt; attack, assail. 
tenuis, e, adj., little, shallow, 

narrow. 
terminus, I, jr., end, boundary, 

limit. 
terreo, ere, ui, itum, to 

frighten, alarm, terrify, dis- 
may. 
terror, oris, m. , a great fear, 

fear, dread, alarm. 
Tertullianus, I, m., Tertullian. 
testificor, ari, atus sum, dep., 

to testify, show, exhibit. 
testimonium, I, n., evidence, 

testimony, a proof, a quota- 
tion, a passage. 
texo, ere, ui, xtum, to weave, 

join or fit together. 
Thaumaturgus, i. m., the 

"Wonderworker," St. Greg- 
ory. 
theatrum, 1, n., a playhouse, 

theatre. 
thensa (tensa), ae, f., a sacred 

carriage. 
Theodorus, I, m., Theodore. 
Thracia, ae, f., TJirace, a 

country bordering on the 

Danube. 
Thracius, a, um, Thracian. 



TIBERIUS 



51 



TROPAEUM 



Tiberius, I, m., Tiberius, a 

Roman praenoinen. 
Tiberinus, I, m., Tiber or 

Tiberinus. 
Timaeus, I, m., Timaeus, a 

Greek historian. 
timeo, ere, timui, to fear, 

dread, apprehend. 
tirocinium, I, n., the first trial 

or attempt; rawness, inex- 
perience. 
titulus, i, m., inscription, title, 

name, labor. 
Titus, i, m., a Eoman prae- 
nomen. 
tonitrus, us, m., ortonitrum, 

i, n., thunder. 
tono, are, ui, to thunder, to 

make a loud noise, to roar. 
torqueo, ere, torsi, sum, to 

turn, twist, bend. 
tot, num. adj., so many. 
totidem, num. adj., just so 

many. 
totus, a, um, all, whole, entire. 
tracto, are, avi, atum, to 

touch, handle, manage; to 

examine. 
trado, ere, didi, ditum, to 

deliver, address, hand down, 

surrender, transmit. 
traho, ere, traxi, tractum, to 

draw, drag, drag along. 
tranquillitas, atis, f., peace, 

quietness, tranquillity. 
Tranquillus, i, m., Tranquil- 

lus, a historian. 



transactus, a, um, adj., 
finished, completed; of time, 
past. 

transeo, ire, ii (Ivi), itum, to 
go over, cross over, overpass, 
to go over to, to pass over to. 

transfer 6, ferre, tuli, latum, 
to carry over, convey over, 
to transfer, remove. 

transigo, ere, egi, actum, 
to finish, complete, perform. 

translatio, onis, i, a shifting, 
a transferring ; a version, a 
translation. 

transmitto, ere, misi, mis- 
sum, to send over, transmit, 
despatch. 

transvena, ae, m., stranger, 
newcomer, foreigner. 

tres, tria, card, num., three. 

tribuo, ere, ui, utum, to dis- 
tribute, assign, allot. 

triginta, card, num., thirty. 

trim, ae, a, distributive num., a 
set of three, triple, threefold. 

Triphylius, i, m., Triphyllius, 
a famous lawyer of Berytus, 
converted to Christianity by 
Spyridon, a bishop in Cyprus. 

triumpho, are, avi, atum, to 
triumph over, conquer, to 
win a victory. 

triumphus, I, m., a triumphal 
procession, a triumph, a vic- 
tory. 

tropaeum, i, n., a trophy, a 
sign or memorial of victory. 



TRUNCO 



52 



UTILIS 



trunco, are, avi, atum, to cut 

off, shorten, mutilate. 

tii, pron., 2d pers. sing., thou, 
you. 

Tullius, 1, m., Tullius or Tully, 
the name of a Roman gens. 

Tullus, 1, m. , Tullus, a Roman 
proper name. 

tunc, adv., then, at that time. 

turbo, inis, f., a whirlwind, 
hurricane, tornado. 

turpis, e, adj., dishonorable, 
disgraceful, shameful, infa- 
mous. 

tutela, ae, f . , protection, guar- 
dianship, care. 

Tutelinae, arum, f. pi., the 
Tutelinae, the deities pro- 
tecting the fruits. 

tutus, a, um, safe, secure, out 
of danger. 

tyrannus, I, m., a cruel, savage, 
or illegal ruler, a despot, a 
tyrant. 

Tyrrhenus, T, m., Tyrrhenus, 
a Greek historian. 

Tyrus, l, m., Tyre, a famous 
commercial city of the Phoe- 
nicians. 

U 

ubi, adv., in which place, in 
what place, where ; when, 
whenever, as soon as. 

ubique, adv. , everywhere, any- 
where, wheresoever. 

ullus, a, um, dem. adj., any, 
any one. 



ulterior, ius, comp. adj., far- 
ther, further, longer. 
ultimus, a, um, furthest, most 

distant, extreme, last. 
ultio, orris, f., a talcing ven- 
geance, an avenging, revenge. 
ultor, oris, m., a punisher, an 

avenger, a revenger. 
umbra, ae, f., a shade, a 

shadow. 
unde, adv., where, from what 

or which place. 
undecim, card, num., eleven. 
unguis, is, m. , a nail, a finger 

or toe nail. 
universus, a, um, universal, 

general, common to all. 
unus, a, um, card, num., one. 
urbs, urbis, f. , a walled town, 

a city. 
urgeo, ere, ursi, to press, 

push, force, drive, impel, 

urge. 
usque, adv., all the way, as 

long as, as far as, until, to, 

up to, even to. 
iisurpo, are, avi, atum, to 

use, make use of, employ, 

practise, exercise; usurp. 
ut or uti, adv. and conj., in 

what manner, how, as; so 

that, in order that, that. 
uter, utra, utrum. pron., 

which of two, which, either. 
utilis, e, adj., useful, ser- 

viceable, advantageous, fit, 

proper. 



UTIQUE 



53 



VESCOR 



utique, adv., anyhow, at any 

rate, by all means. 
utor, uti, usus, dep., to use, 

make use of, exercise. 
utrum, adv., whether. 



vae, interj., an exclamation of 

pain, fear, or dread, ah! alas! 
Valerianus, 1, m., Valerian. 
Valentinianus, 1, m., Valen- 

tinianus, Valentinian. 
validus, a, um, strong, stout, 

powerful, able, forcible. 
vanitas, atis, f., vanity, decep- 
tion. 
vanus, a, um, empty, void, 

vain, vacant. 
varius, a, um, different, 

various, changing. 
vas, vasis, n. (pi. vasa. 

orum), a vessel, a dish, vase, 

bowl, utensil. 
vastatio, onis, f., a ravaging, 

a devastation. 
vehementer, adv. , eagerly, 

vehemently, violently. 
vehiculum, I, n., a carriage, 

a vehicle. 
vel, conj., or. vel . . . vel, 

either . . . or. 
velamentum, 1, n., a disguise, 

a covering, a concealment. 
velum, 1, n., a covering, a 

veil, a curtain. 
velut, adv., even as, just as, as 

if, like as. 



venditor, oris, in., a seller, a 

vender. 
venefica, ae, f., a poisoner, a 

sorceress, an enchantress. 
venio, ire, veni, ventum, to 

come, come to, arrive. 
venter, ventris, in., the belly, 

stomach. 
Venus, eris, f., Venus, the 

goddess of love. 
venustas, atis, f., loveliness, 

charm, grace, beauty. 
verbero, are, avi, atum, to 

lash, scourge, whip, flog. 
verbum, I, n., a word; pi., 

words, expressions, language. 
Veritas, atis, f. , truth, reality. 
vero, adv., in truth, certainly, 

surely, assuredly. 
versiculus, I, m. , a little line, 

a verse. 
versus, us, m., a verse; a 

line; a row, a furrow. 
versus, adv. and prep. : (1) 

adv., turned in the direction 

of, toward; (2) prep. with. 

ace., toward, against. 
verto, ere, ti, sum, to turn, 

turn around ; change. 
verum, I, n., the truth. 
verum, adv., truly, just so, 

even so, but, but yet. 
vesanus, a, um, mad, insane, 

ivild. 
vescor, I, dep.. to fill one's 

self with food, to eat, feed; 

to enjoy, make use of, have. 



VESTALIS 



54 



voco 



vestalis, e, adj., pertaining to 
Vesta, vestal ; f . as subst. , a 
priestess. 

vester, tra, trum, pron. adj., 
your. 

vestigium, I, n., a footprint, 
a trace, clew, vestige. 

veteranus, a, um, old, experi- 
enced, veteran; m. as subst., 
a veteran. 

veteres, um, m. pi., forefath- 
ers, ancients, ancestors. 

vetus, eris, adj., old, aged, 
ancient. 

vetustus, a, um, old, aged, 
ancient. 

vexatio, onis, f., a shaking ; 
discomfort, vexation. 

vexo, are, avi, atum, to 
shake; to injure, to vex, to 
molest. 

via, ae, f., a way, a road, a 
street. 

vicis (gen. ; nominative singu- 
lar does not occur), f., a 
change, an alteration, a vi- 
cissitude. 

victoria, ae, f., victory, suc- 
cess. 

Victorinus, I, m., Victorinus, 
a Roman author of the fourth 
century. 

videlicet, adv., it is clear, evi- 
dent, clearly, evidently, in 
truth. 

video, ere, vidi, visum, to 
see, look at, view. 



viginti, ae, a, card, num., 

twenty. 
vine 6, ere, vici, victus, to 

conquer, overcome. 
vindico, are, avi, atum, to 

lay legal claim to ; to re- 
venge, avenge, punish; to 

vindicate. 
vinum, I, n., urine. 
violentus, a, um, forcible, 

violent, impetuous. 
vir, viri, m., a man. 
Virgilius, I, m., Virgil. 
virgo, inis, f., a virgin, maid. 
virtus, utis, f., valor, virtue, 

courage, manliness. 
vis, vis, f. (pi. vires, ium), 

power, ability, force, strength. 
viscus, eris, also viscera, um, 

n. pi., the internal organs, 

the vitals, the flesh. 
vis 6, ere, visi, visum, to see, 

look at, behold. 
visus, us, m., the sight, vision, 

appearance. 
vita, ae, f., life. 
vivo, ere, vixi, to live, have 

life, be alive, be lively, be 

rough. 
vivus, a, um, alive, living, 

natural. 
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 

difficulty. 
vocabulum, I, n., a name, a 

ivord. 
voco, are, avi, atum, to call, 

name, summon. 



VOLCATIUS 



55 



VULTUS 



Volcatius, I, m., Volcatius, 
a teacher of civil law, a his- 
torian. 

volo, velle, volui, to wish, to 
desire, be willing. 

volucris, is, f., a bird. 

volumen, inis, n. , a volume, a 
book, a writing. 

voluntas, atis, f., will, wish, 
choice, desire, inclination. 

vos, vestrum, pers. pron., 
you. 



voveo, ere, vovi, votum, to 

vow, devote, dedicate, conse- 
crate. 

vox, vocis, f., a voice, sound, 
cry, call, word. 

vulgus, I, n., a crowd, multi- 
tude, a mass of people, a 
rabble. 

vulnero, are, avi, a turn, to 
wound, hurt, injure. 

vultus, us, m., countenance, 
looks, face, portrait, picture. 



14 LATIN. 



A Latin Grammar. 

By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 
265 pages. Price, 80 cents. 

IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- 
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high 
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- 
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college 
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages 
found only in ante-classical and post-classical Latin, and by 
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, 
it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade- 
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In 
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting 
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have 
tried Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by 
being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which 
forms the bulk of the older grammars. All Latin texts for read- 
ing in secondary schools, recently issued, contain references in 
the notes to Bennett's Latin Grammar. 

Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoin College, Brnnsivick, Maine : 
The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness 
of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of 
statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd- 
ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young 
student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for 
I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass 
and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram- 
matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger 
grammars. 

John F. Peck, Oberlin Academy, Oberlin, Ohio : Bennett's Latin Grammar 
was adopted as a text-book in Oberlin Academy in 1897. It is proving 
itself a very satisfactory text-book and increasingly popular. The teachers 
of Latin in Oberlin Academy are thoroughly satisfied with the book and 
find it exceedingly helpful in their work. 

The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear 
and forcible, statement. The ground covered in the treatment of forms 
and syntax is adequate for ordinary school work and for the use of fresh- 
men and sophomores in college. 



LATIN. 17 



The Foundations of Latin. 



A book for beginners. By Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cor- 
nell University. i2mo, cloth, 231 pages. Price, 90 cents. 

THIS book differs materially from most of the present manuals 
for beginners in Latin. Its method is, first, to present the 
forms of inflection, and then to develop the principles of syntax, 
following in both cases, so far as possible, the usual order of the 
Latin grammars. Such rules of syntax as are needed for reading 
and writing simple sentences are given in the earliest lessons, so 
that the pupil has constant drill on the forms while acquiring 
them ; but the systematic study of general syntax is postponed 
till the pupil shall have mastered the forms and shall be in a 
position to apply the rules. 

The vocabulary of the Exercises consists of the 750 words in 
most frequent use by Caesar and Nepos, and will serve equally 
well as an introduction to either author. The Latin sentences 
are for the most part taken directly from Caesars Commentaries, 
with such slight changes as may be needed to adapt them to the 
pupil's advancement. 

The Exercises are followed by eighteen pages of easy and 
interesting selections for reading. 

Frederic T. Farnsworth, Sanborn Seminary, Kingston, N.H. : I agree 
with the author in his preface that it is better to bring together " things 
that naturally belong together," and to have the first-year book follow 
substantially the order and form of the grammar. The later and fuller 
study of the grammar itself is greatly facilitated by a systematic arrange- 
ment such as that followed in this book. 

F. P. Donnelly, S.J., College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass,: The 
book has been appropriately named. I have never seen in one volume 
so complete a presentation of all that is necessary for a beginner in Latin. 

James Heard, Academy, Summit, N.y. : I commend the work most heartily. 
It marks a return to the common-sense method of teaching Latin to 
beginners, and is a thoroughly practical book. I do not hesitate to place 
it in the front rank of books of its class. 

C. K. Bartholomew, English and Classical School, Cincinnati, Ohio : We 
are well pleased with The Foundations of Latin now on trial. 

Frank D. Haddock, Superintendent, Holland, Mich. : I am using Bennett's 
Foundations of Latin with great satisfaction. 



24 LATIN. 



A Junior Latin Book. 

With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by Professors JOHN C. ROLFE 
and Walter Dennison, of the University of Michigan. i2mo, half 
leather, 498 pages. Price, $1.25. 

THIS book will appeal most forcibly both to those teachers 
who are accustomed to begin the course in Latin Reading 
with the difficult Gallic War, and to those who prefer to pre- 
pare the way to Caesar by the use of some easier text. To the 
former it offers a book that can be begun long before their classes 
can read Caesar — a distinct economy of time. To the latter it 
gives in a single carefully graded volume the varied and profita- 
ble material that has hitherto been available only by the purchase 
of several text-books — a distinct economy of means. 

The text consists of Fables, Stories of Roman History based 
on Eutropius and Livy, extracts from Viri Romae, seven Lives 
of Nepos, and Books I. and II. of the Gallic War. The book 
also contains exercises for translation into Latin, based on the 
text, and many good maps and plans. 

J. C. Kirtland, Jr., Phillips Academy, Exeter, A T .H. : We are using Rolfe 
and Dennison's Junior Latin Book with the class which began the study 
of Latin last September. The Roman history especially appealed to us, 
and we are not surprised to find by experience that it furnishes most 
satisfactory material for first reading. 

J. Edmund Barss, Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, Conn. : The selections are, 
it seems to me, well adapted to provide a substitute for the traditional 
four Books of Caesar. It is an admirably common-sense text-book. 

J R. L. Johnson, Piedmont Academy, Gordonsville, Va. : It is one of the 
most important contributions to the study of Latin which has appeared 
for years, and one which must inevitably attract the interest of all teach- 
ers, as it is admirably suited for the purposes for which it is intended. 

Nathan B. Coy, Principal of Cutler Academy, Colorado Springs, Col. : 
After giving the Junior Latin Book careful inspection, I do not hesi- 
tate to pronounce it the very best book for second-year Latin with which 
I have any acquaintance. 

Capt. C. W. New, St. John's Military Academy, Delafield, Wis. : I antici- 
pate good results from the use of the Junior Latin Book. It is fitted 
for its purpose exactly, and forms a good substitute for four long Books 
of Caesar. 



OCT 26 1900 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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